12/01/2018

Forget Paris: Australia Needs To Stop Pretending We're Tackling Climate Change

ABC ScienceNick Kilvert

As the Bureau of Meteorology confirms another record-breaking year for temperatures in Australia, we should expect a sense of urgency to be creeping into Australia's climate policy.
Instead, we're seeing the opposite.
While 2015-17 were all within the hottest six years on record, our carbon emissions also continued to increase during the same period, including an all-time peak in 2017, when unreliable land-use data was excluded from the analysis.
This is despite signing up to the Paris Agreement in 2015, which outlined a plan to reduce our carbon emissions by 26-28 per cent by 2030.
Government data pushed out under the cloak of Christmas indicates that we will be about 140 million tonnes — or about 30 per cent — above that target based on current growth.
And this is under the prime ministership of Malcolm Turnbull, who in 2010 warned that "the consequences of unchecked global warming would be catastrophic."
At the time, he argued that effective action on climate change required moving to "zero, or very near zero emissions [energy] sources.
"The science tells us that we have already exceeded the safe upper limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide."
Forget Paris?


The aim of the Paris Agreement is to keep global temperature increase to "well below" 2 degrees, and to attempt to achieve a limit of 1.5 degrees warming above pre-industrial levels.
Last year averaged 0.95 of a degree above Australia's long-term average, the Bureau's Blair Trewin told RN yesterday.
He warns that the emissions we're producing today are setting in stone rising temperatures in the decades to come.
"We've got a warming trend of about a degree over the last century in Australia and all of the indications are that this will continue," he said.
"How much more warming we see: that depends on a number of things, but particularly what happens to greenhouse gas emissions over the coming decades."
For Australia's part, getting anywhere near our Paris targets means tackling our key emissions sources — electricity, transport, industry and agriculture, and reversing alarming deforestation trends.
Forests act as invaluable carbon sinks, yet in Queensland alone in 2015-16, 395,000 hectares of forest were cleared following the relaxation of land clearing laws under the Newman LNP government.
That number is feared to hit around a million hectares based on estimates from Queensland's self-assessment data, putting that state on par with Brazil.
And unreliable data on land clearing emissions mean we may actually be underestimating our carbon footprint.
The Federal Government has acknowledged that estimates of carbon emissions from land-use changes are difficult to gauge.
Emissions from land-clearing in Queensland totalled 45 million tonnes in 2015-16 according to state Environment Minister Steven Miles, but the Federal Government's estimates for the same period showed only a 1.7 million tonne change on the year prior.

Government optimism at odds with UN
Despite last financial year's continued emissions growth, Environment and Energy Minister Josh
Frydenberg remains upbeat about Australia's commitment to the Paris Agreement.
"If you look on a yearly basis that is true [that emissions went up]. But if you look on the last quarter, they went down. If you look at the trend, it is improving. And when you talk about the 2030 target, which is our Paris commitment, the numbers that were most recently shown, indicate that they were 30 per cent better than when Labor were last in office," the Minister told RN Breakfast.
But his optimism is at odds with a number of experts, and is contrary to what was reported in the United Nations Emissions Gap Report, 2017.
"Government projections indicate that emissions are expected to reach 592 [million tonnes] in 2030, in contrast to the targeted range of 429-440 [million tonnes]," the report states.
"Independent analyses confirm that the emissions are set to far exceed its Paris Agreement nationally determined contribution (NDC) target for 2030."
Certainly there needs to be radical change in Australia's energy sector if we are to see significant progress toward our Paris target.
Generating electricity accounts for more than 30 per cent of Australia's emissions, and is also the area where great advances in technology are being made.
Currently more than 80 per cent of electricity going into the National Energy Market comes from fossil fuels.
An Australia Institute report from September last year argued that Australia could meet its 2030 Paris commitments if the electricity sector cut emissions by about 50 per cent below 2005 levels.
The report says that would mean moving to about 70 per cent renewable energy sources by 2030.

Business as usual won't get us to 2030 targets
But the appetite to back renewables isn't there.
"We're not looking at a target anywhere like that," Mr Frydenberg said.
"Dr Finkel, the chief scientist in the Finkel Review, made it very clear that if you take more than 26-28 per cent of the emissions out of the electricity sector it may have negative impacts on the stability and the security of the system."
The 2016 power outage in South Australia following a huge storm that downed three transmission lines was telling of some of the attitudes within the Government toward the renewable sector.

Before the clean up had begun, fingers were being pointed at that state's reliance on renewables as a cause of the power failure.
"I regret to say that a number of state Labor governments over the years have set priorities and renewable targets that are extremely aggressive, extremely unrealistic, and have paid little or no attention to energy security," Malcolm Turnbull said at the time.
In contrast, both the Federal Government and Queensland Labor are avid in their support for establishing one of the world's largest coal mines in north Queensland.
The ABC unearthed evidence last year that shows Adani plans to export low-quality, high-ash coal to India that can cause deadly air pollution.
As 2030 approaches and the path to achieving our Paris commitments grows steeper, getting there will require more and more difficult management decisions, and more inconveniences to our way of life.
Disruptions to power supply become inevitable as the time to transition to a renewable energy market shrinks. How many power outages are people willing to put up with? How much revenue loss can we absorb?
To achieve an emission reduction of 26-28 per cent by 2030, it's time to admit that business as usual won't get us there. The sooner we do this, the smoother the approach can be.
Either that, or it's time to stop pretending we're on our way.

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A Future Without Coal-Fired Power Stations Is Inevitable

Fairfax - Peter Martin

Worried the electricity system won't keep up over summer? Worry about coal. Seriously.
One of the four giant units at Victoria's ageing Loy Yang A power station broke down on Tuesday night at 11.05, taking out 230 megawatts, and then at 1.10 on Wednesday morning after being partially restarted, taking out what by then was 161 megawatts.


Turnbull labels coal opponents 'delusional'
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has mounted a defence of coal-powered electricity, saying those who think the resource doesn't have a future are 'delusional'.

When demand soared during Sunday's heatwave, the Eraring plant on Lake Macquarie in NSW lost 275 megawatts. A few minutes later, Loy Yang A lost 264 megawatts.
On New Year's Day, unit 1 of Millmerran in Queensland stalled, taking out 156 megawatts. On December 28, unit 2 of Tarong in Queensland stalled, taking out 314 megawatts. On Boxing Day, unit 4 at Loy Yang stalled, taking out 528 megawatts. On Christmas Day, unit 1 at Gladstone stalled, taking out 230 megawatts, then unit 1 at Tallawarra in NSW, taking out 187 megawatts. And so on, back to the start of summer.
When unit 3 at Loy Yang shut down without warning on December 14 taking out 560 megawatts and imperilling the entire system, the new Tesla battery 1000 kilometres away in South Australia sprung into action ahead of the coal-fired power station that was contracted to restore stability. It proved to be "dispatchable" in a way coal-fired power stations are not.
Age, heat and the steady encroachment of renewables are destroying the only advantages coal-fired power stations ever had.
When Treasurer Scott Morrison stood up in Federal Parliament and waved around a lump of coal in a stunt unworthy of his office, he said coal was an important part of ensuring a "more certain" energy future.
But he was speaking about the past.
Illustration: Dionne Gain 
Coal-fired power stations didn't used to get critically hot as often as they do now. The February 2017 heatwave that took out 2438 megawatts in one day in NSW might have once been a once-in-500-year event. Now it's a once-in-50-year event and perhaps soon a once-in-five-year event. The calculations are by the Australia Institute's Mark Ogge and Hannah Aulby in a study of the risks to energy security entitled Can't Stand the Heat. Ogge is the person who has been keeping a record of power station outages.
When temperatures in control rooms get as high as 50 or 60 degrees the electronic control systems buckle and the boilers leak. Failures are inevitable, although unfortunately not predictable.
One of the four giant units at Victoria's ageing Loy Yang A power station broke down on Tuesday night and early on Wednesday morning. Photo: Bloomberg
Wind power and solar power are in large part predictable. Yes, they are intermittent, but it is usually possible to tell a day or two ahead of time when and where the wind will blow and the sun will shine. There's time to put batteries, hydro and gas on standby.
But in summer it's becoming impossible to know when and where coal-fired power stations will blow. They are becoming unpredictably intermittent, all the more so each year they age.
When Treasurer Scott Morrison stood up in Parliament and waved around a lump of coal in a stunt unworthy of his office, he said coal was an important part of ensuring a "more certain" energy future. Photo: Alex Ellinghausen
And standby power is costly. Tony Wood of the Grattan Institute helped run Origin Energy for 14 years. He says the industry standard is to have as much back-up as the biggest independent unit, so that if it drops out it can be instantly replaced. But the biggest independent coal units are huge. They require big back-up.
The biggest wind and solar farms are much smaller. While they require storage and gas peaking plants to fill in overnight and when the wind's not blowing, they don't need anything like as much back-up for when mechanical problems knock them out of service.
Output of Loy Yang A Power Station, December 26, 2017 Photo: Australia Institute
There are caveats. Independent turbines can stop blowing at once, and sometimes unpredictably. That's because most are located together in South Australia and Victoria, where the wind systems are synchronised. It would be better to have more wind farms in NSW, where the weather cycle is different. At times cloud cover is also unpredictable.
A future without coal-fired power stations is inevitable, and entirely manageable. Wind accounts for 40 per cent of South Australia's electricity supply, 8.5 per cent of Victoria's supply, and 2.8 per cent of the NSW supply. One of the many reasons no new coal-fired power stations will be financed or built is they are not well-suited to filling in gaps.
Output of Tarong Power Station, December 28, 2017 Photo: Australia Institute
They are good at providing always-on baseload power, but that's not needed in the middle of the night when the wind is blowing a gale and providing all of a system's need for virtually nothing. They are not as good at turning on or ramping up quickly when the wind stops blowing. If they are used repeatedly to do that, they break down sooner.
The Turnbull government's proposed national energy guarantee would require retailers to ensure that a certain amount of the electricity they line up is dispatchable. Critics took this to be a code word for coal, but it can't be, not unless Turnbull wants to misuse the word. Battery storage, pumped hydro, molten salt solar plants that can fire up overnight, and gas peaking plants are far more dispatchable.
And they are more reliable. The more we move away from coal the more secure our power system becomes.

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Penrith Swelters While Florida Freezes: Climate Disruption Is To Blame

Fairfax - Will Steffen*

On Sunday the temperature at Penrith hit 47.3 degrees Celsius, making it the hottest place on Earth during that 24-hour period. Meanwhile, on the other side of the world, extreme cold and snow penetrated deep into the south-east United States. In normally sub-tropical Florida, frozen iguanas were falling out of trees from the extreme cold. "Give us a bit of that 'global warming'," President Trump thundered sarcastically.
Terms like "global warming" and the mental images they trigger can be misleading when people attempt to understand what is happening to the climate. A far better term is "climate disruption", which captures the real nature of the vast array of changes, many of them abrupt and unexpected, that are occurring.


In New Hampshire, boiling water turns to snow
Weather observers atop the Northeast's highest peak say the temperature has hit a record negative 34 degrees. Adam Gill of the Mount Washington Observatory in New Hampshire says the previous record of negative 31 degrees was set in 1933.

"Climate disruption" was often used by Professor John Holdren, science adviser to former US president Barack Obama, to emphasise that a 1 or 2 degree increase in global average temperature does not simply translate into modest, uniform warming but rather triggers surprisingly sharp changes in extreme weather and disrupts longer-term weather and climate patterns.
The world's ecosystems and critical human systems, such as agriculture, are adapted to the relatively stable climatic conditions of the past 12,000 years. These include not only temperature, but also the circulation patterns of the atmosphere and the oceans that move heat and moisture around the planet and deliver the seasonal and geographical patterns of rainfall, heat and storms that we consider normal. These normal patterns are increasingly being disrupted by what is often termed "climate change".
The climate disruption we are increasingly experiencing is not natural. It is caused by the heat-trapping gases we humans are pouring into the atmosphere primarily by the burning of coal, oil and gas.
This enormous increase in energy in the atmosphere is disrupting normal circulation patterns. In the northern hemisphere, the exceptional heating around the north pole – twice the global average – is breaking down circumpolar air flows that normally keep the cold air around the north pole and more temperate air to the south. Now icy polar air is penetrating as far south as Florida while balmy conditions linger north of Finland.
Southern hemisphere circulation is also being disrupted, although not so dramatically yet. The cool-season frontal systems that normally bring rain to southern Australia are slipping southwards, leading to long-term drying trends in both the south-west and south-east of the country.
Many animals and natural ecosystems are being hammered by climate disruption. Florida's iguanas are not the only creatures dropping dead from trees. In Western Australia over 200 endangered Carnaby's black cockatoos were killed by extreme heat in 2010. More than 45,000 flying foxes were killed on one unusually hot day in south-east Queensland in 2014.
An iguana that froze lies near a pool after falling from a tree in Boca Raton, Florida, on Thursday. Photo: Frank Cerabino
Whole ecosystems are succumbing to climate disruption. In 2016 unusually dry and hot conditions triggered massive fires in Tasmania's World Heritage forests, while ocean circulation patterns have moved unprecedented underwater heatwaves around the world, driving the tragic coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef and the mass dieback of mangroves along the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Human systems are also at risk. The world's major agricultural zones have been developed around areas of good soils and predictable, stable climate patterns. These patterns are shifting as we continue to pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The north-east China food bowl is experiencing long-term drying while more erratic heat, rainfall/drought and storm patterns hit the central US.
A man cools off in the Nepean River in Penrith on Sunday. Photo: Brook Mitchell
Coastal cities have been built around stable sea levels and predictable storm patterns. These are both being disrupted. Global sea level is rising at an increasing rate, increasing the risk of coastal inundation. Intense tropical cyclone activity is projected to increase, a trend that has already been observed in the North Atlantic basin since the 1970s.
Climate disruption brings growing risks of large-scale migration and conflict as people, particularly the most vulnerable, are forced to deal with increasingly difficult conditions where they live. Some security analysts warn that climate disruption will dwarf terrorism and other conventional threats if present trends continue or worsen.
Fans were left high, dry and hot at the Sydney International as organisers ordered players off the court due to extreme heat.  Photo: AAP
Had enough of climate disruption? Then let's leave our 20th century thinking behind and get on with the job of rapidly building innovative, clever, carbon-neutral 21st century societies.

*Will Steffen is a Climate Council of Australia councillor.

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