09/01/2021

Three Major Threats To Life On Earth That We Must Address In 2021

CounterPunchNoam Chomsky | Vijay Prashad

Pulp Mills on a December night, Wauna, Oregon. Photo: Jeffrey St. Clair.

Authors
Large parts of the world—outside of China and a few other countries—face a runaway virus, which has not been stopped because of criminal incompetence by governments. 

That these governments in wealthy countries cynically set aside the basic scientific protocols released by the World Health Organization and by scientific organizations reveals their malicious practice. 

Anything less than focused attention to managing the virus by testing, contact tracing, and isolation—and if this does not suffice, then imposing a temporary lockdown—is foolhardy. 

It is equally distressing that these richer countries have pursued a policy of “vaccine nationalism” by stockpiling vaccine candidates rather than a policy for the creation of a “people’s vaccine.” 

For the sake of humanity, it would be prudent to suspend intellectual property rules and develop a procedure to create universal vaccines for all people.

Although the pandemic is the principal issue on all of our minds, other major issues threaten the longevity of our species and of our planet. These include:

Nuclear Annihilation

In January 2020, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists set the Doomsday Clock to 100 seconds to midnight, too close for comfort. The clock, created two years after the first atomic weapons were developed in 1945, is evaluated annually by the Bulletin’s Science and Security Board, who decide whether to move the minute hand or keep it in place. By the time they set the clock again, it may well be closer to annihilation. 

Already limited arms control treaties are being shredded as the major powers sit on close to 13,500 nuclear weapons (more than 90 percent of which are held by Russia and the United States alone). The yield of these weapons could easily make this planet even more uninhabitable.

The United States Navy has already deployed low-yield tactical W76-2 nuclear warheads. Immediate moves toward nuclear disarmament must be forced onto the world’s agenda. Hiroshima Day, commemorated each year on August 6, must become a more robust day of contemplation and protest.

Climate Catastrophe

A scientific paper published in 2018 came with a startling headline: “Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding.”

The authors found that atolls from the Seychelles to the Marshall Islands are liable to vanish.

A 2019 United Nations (UN) report estimated that 1 million animal and plant species are threatened with extinction. 

Add to this the catastrophic wildfires and the severe bleaching of the coral reefs and it is clear that we no longer need to linger over clichés about one thing or another being a canary in the coal mine of climate catastrophe; the danger is not in the future, but in the present.

It is essential for major powers—who utterly fail to shift from fossil fuels—to commit to the “common but differentiated responsibilities” approach established at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. 

It is telling that countries such as Jamaica and Mongolia updated their climate plans to the UN before the end of 2020—as mandated by the Paris Agreement—even though these countries produce a tiny fraction of global carbon emissions.

The funds that were committed to developing countries for their participation in the process have virtually dried up while external debt has ballooned.

This shows a lack of basic seriousness from the “international community.”

Neoliberal Destruction of the Social Contract

Countries in North America and Europe have eviscerated their public function as the state has been turned over to the profiteers and civil society has been commodified by private foundations. This means that the avenues for social transformation in these parts of the world have been grotesquely hampered.

Terrible social inequality is the result of the relative political weakness of the working class. It is this weakness that enables the billionaires to set policies that cause hunger rates to rise. 

Countries should not be judged by the words written in their constitutions but by their annual budgets; the U.S., for example, spends almost $1 trillion (if you add the estimated intelligence budget) on its war machine, while it spends a fraction of this on the public good (such as on health care, something evident during the pandemic). 

The foreign policies of Western countries seem to be well lubricated by arms deals: the United Arab Emirates and Morocco agreed to recognize Israel on the condition that they could purchase $23 billion and $1 billion worth of U.S.-made weapons, respectively. The rights of the Palestinians, the Sahrawi, and the Yemeni people did not factor into these deals.

The use of illegal sanctions by the United States against 30 countries including Cuba, Iran, and Venezuela has become a normal part of life, even during the COVID-19 public health crisis. 

It is a failure of the political system when the populations in the capitalist bloc are unable to force their governments—which are in many ways democratic in name only—to take a global perspective regarding this emergency. Rising rates of hunger reveal that the struggle for survival is the horizon for billions of people on the planet (all this while China is able to eradicate absolute poverty and largely eliminate hunger).

Nuclear annihilation and extinction by climate catastrophe are twin threats to the planet. Meanwhile, for victims of the neoliberal assault that has plagued the past generation, the short-term problems of sustaining their mere existence displace fundamental questions about the fate of our children and grandchildren.

Global problems of this scale require global cooperation. Pressured by the Third World states in the 1960s, the major powers agreed to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1968, although they rejected the deeply important Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order of 1974

The balance of forces available to drive such a class agenda on the international stage is no longer there; political dynamics in the countries of the West, in particular, but also in the larger states of the developing world (such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa) are necessary to change the character of the governments. 

A robust internationalism is necessary to pay adequate and immediate attention to the perils of extinction: extinction by nuclear war, by climate catastrophe, and by social collapse. 

The tasks ahead are daunting, and they cannot be deferred.

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13,700 Scientists Say These 6 Things Can Stop Climate Catastrophe

Global Citizen - Joe McCarthy

“People on planet Earth have never been through anything like this before.”

USGS via Unsplash

More than 13,700 scientists from around the world signed an open letter published Wednesday calling for urgent measures to tackle the climate emergency. 

The letter follows the “World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency” from last year in which 11,000 scientists said their peers had a “moral obligation” to warn people about the threat of climate change, rather than sit back and let the data speak for itself.

This new missive rings the same general notes, outlining a series of recommendations and policy proposals informed by a year of analyzing climate trends.

“People on planet Earth have never been through anything like this before, this major climate change that we’re facing right now,” William J. Ripple, distinguished professor from Oregon State University, lead author of the paper, and director of the Alliance of World Scientists, told Global Citizen. 

“It’s really important that we act now because everything we do will help us later to some degree,” he said. “Even though we’ve missed some great opportunities and, yes, there is going to be significant human suffering as we move into the future, I feel we should do all we can now because it's a gradient. It’s about how much we can do now that will have a direct benefit later.” 

The letter focuses on six interlocking areas for action: shifting energy production, curbing short-lived pollutants, investing in nature-based solutions, transforming food production, developing carbon-free economies, and limiting population growth.

Image: Christian Lue via Unsplash

Halting climate change depends, first and foremost, on keeping fossil fuels in the ground.

The scientists call on countries to invest in renewable sources of energy, end subsidies for fossil fuels, and prohibit new fossil fuel projects. The only thing standing in the way of this transition is political will — wind and solar power are now more price competitive than fossil fuels and massive public works campaigns could dramatically scale their availability.

Although greenhouse gas emissions fell over the past year, it was only because countries grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic and economies shut down. Analysts expect emissions to rebound next year and continue rising until 2030 because of the global dominance of the fossil fuel industry. The letter warns that no country is on track to achieve the targets of the Paris climate agreement.

“We’re just getting into this climate emergency and it’s counterintuitive to be doing new fossil fuel extraction projects at this time,” Ripple said. 

Abandoning fossil fuels is connected to the letter’s next area of focus — stopping “short-lived pollutants.” Unlike carbon dioxide, which lingers in the atmosphere for decades, short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon, hydrofluorocarbons, and others dissipate relatively quickly after being released into the air.

This doesn’t mean their impact is less severe. On the contrary, methane, for instance, warms the atmosphere nearly 30 times more than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. 

These pollutants come from heavy industry, poorly managed landfills, livestock, the refrigeration industry, and elsewhere. By reducing them, countries can both limit global warming and clean the air that people breathe. Currently, more than 8.6 million people die each year from air pollution, and exposure to air pollution has been linked to worse COVID-19 outcomes.  

Nature-based solutions, central to any climate strategy, account for the letter’s third pillar. Forests, mangroves, wetlands, and other ecosystems can absorb tremendous amounts of greenhouse gas emissions.

In fact, an analysis from the Nature Conservancy found that restoring ecosystems can get country’s more than a third of the way toward achieving the Paris climate agreement. The letter highlights the promise of the Bonn Challenge, which calls for the restoration of 350 million hectares of forests and lands by 2030.

Phoebe Barnard, the chief science and policy officer of Conservation Biology Institute and co-author of the letter, emphasized the importance of conserving existing landscapes and marinescapes. 

“We cannot continue to transform or destroy land if we want any chance to rein in our runaway climate crisis,” Barnard told Global Citizen. “If we cannot figure out how to use land and reuse land much more efficiently, without gobbling up more, then we are doomed.”

“Restoration is a really powerful way to take the most efficient, effective low-cost methods of restoring our planet and climate to heart, but for me, ecosystem restoration is never going to be as good as simply stopping the destruction of lands, wetlands, and river systems,” she said. “We have to focus on protecting ecosystems to halt land transformation.”

She added that old-growth trees can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than tens of thousands of newly planted saplings. Funds should therefore flow toward the preservation of rainforests such as the Amazon that have been ravaged in recent years.

Some countries are ramping up conservation. An estimated 15% of land and 7% of marine spaces are shielded from exploitation, and the UN calls on countries to conserve 30% of the planet within the next decade. 

These efforts go hand-in-hand with transforming global food production. By shifting away from industrial agriculture and livestock farming, countries can mitigate climate change, rehabilitate degraded ecosystems, improve global food security, and ensure people have healthier diets.

The most ambitious proposal in the document involves moving beyond carbon-based economies. This essentially means embracing a degrowth economic model, in which countries phase out the global focus on economic growth and instead prioritize human and environmental welfare. Otherwise, the planet is facing ecological collapse — humanity needs 1.75 Earths to maintain current levels of resource consumption into the future. 

“We can’t work our way out of this massive problem with technology,” Ripple said. “This is just way too much for planet Earth to handle, in terms of our consumption rates and our exponentially growing human population.” 

This brings us to the last recommendation: limiting population growth by empowering women, expanding access to health care, and improving educational opportunities. 

“The world is growing by 200,000 people per day, and a big part of the population problem is we’re moving more and more people into the middle class,” Ripple said “That’s good for individual quality of life, but there’s huge environmental and climate impacts of that.” 

If a degrowth model were adopted, however, population growth would be less of a concern because overall consumption levels would drop. 

Scientists have been playing catch up in recent years. The prevailing consensus for a long time has been that dispassionate science would eventually guide public policy. That hasn’t happened. So now scientists are taking it upon themselves to force the conservation forward. 

“We’re not just scientists dispassionate about the data,” Barnard said. “We’re also parents, mothers, lovers, sisters, and activists in our communities. We’ve all felt that the writing is so clearly on the wall that we cannot stand by. We have to help mobilize humanity.”

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Disasters Caused US$210 Billion In Damage In 2020, Showing Growing Cost Of Climate Change

CNBCEmma Newburger

A woman stands outside her home damaged due to heavy rain caused by Hurricane Eta, in Pimienta, Honduras November 6, 2020. Jorge Cabrera | Reuters


Key Points
  • A record number of hurricanes, wildfires and floods exacerbated by climate change cost the world US$210 billion in damage last year, a top insurer said.
  • The six costliest disasters of 2020 occurred in the U.S., topped by Hurricane Laura’s devastation, which caused US$13 billion in damage after hitting Louisiana in August.
  • One major problem the report revealed is the lack of insurance coverage for disasters in developing countries.
  • Overall disaster losses in Asia totaled US$67 billion, of which only US$3 billion was insured.
A record number of hurricanes, wildfires and floods exacerbated by climate change cost the world US$210 billion in damage last year, according to a report by reinsurance company Munich Re.

 Damages totaled US$95 billion in the U.S., nearly double the losses in 2019.

 The country experienced a record number of Atlantic hurricanes and the largest wildfires on record in California in 2020, the second-hottest year on record.

Climate change is causing more frequent and intense disasters like storms, heat waves and wildfires, and economic losses are also growing as more people build in disaster-prone areas.

“Natural catastrophe losses in 2020 were significantly higher than in the previous year,” Munich Re board member Torsten Jeworrek said in the report.

“Climate change will play an increasing role in all of these hazards. It is time to act.”

The six costliest disasters of 2020 occurred in the U.S, the worst of which was Hurricane Laura.

The storm caused US$13 billion in damage after it devastated parts of Louisiana in August.

The Atlantic hurricane season saw a record 30 named storms and accounted for US$43 billion in losses, almost half of the total disaster loss in the U.S. last year, the report said.

A line of severe thunderstorms in the Midwest in August caused US$6.8 billion in losses and destroyed millions of acres of farmland in Iowa.

Drought in the West also fueled dozens of massive wildfires that resulted in US$16 billion in losses.

One major problem the report revealed is the lack of insurance coverage for disasters in developing countries.

Overall disaster losses in Asia totaled US$67 billion, of which only US$3 billion was insured.

The single worst disaster last year was flooding across China from summer monsoons, which amounted to US$17 billion in damage, of which only 2% was insured.

Cyclone Amphan hit India and Bangladesh in May, causing US$14 billion in damage, very little of which was insured, the report said.



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