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The Conversation - Sanam Mahoozi

AUTHOR

Sanam Mahoozi
PhD Candidate in Journalism
City St George's
University of London

Women and girls are disproportionately affected by the climate crisis.

They are more likely to suffer health consequences as a result of floods, droughts, heatwaves, air pollution, wildfires and other environmental disasters.

At the same time, women also tend to be responsible for securing food, water and energy for the rest of their families. When extreme weather makes these resources scarce, their lives and livelihoods are at risk.

Despite all of this, women are alarmingly underrepresented in climate change and environmental reporting.

A global analysis by the non-profit Media Diversity Institute found that only one in four sources quoted in online news stories about climate change, published between 2017 and 2021, were women.

That means the stories being told about climate change are mostly through the eyes and experiences of men.

I study how the media covers environmental issues in authoritarian countries like Iran and throughout the Middle East and North Africa, one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable regions, which faces extreme heat, water shortages and sand and dust storms.

As part of research for my recently completed PhD, I have found that women are rarely quoted as sources in news about climate change and environmental degradation, and those that do speak up are often threatened.

Not enough women ‘on record’

Finding sources in authoritarian countries is already difficult, but finding women who are willing to share their testimonies with journalists is even harder.

In Iran, environmental issues are highly politicised. Discussing water shortages or air pollution can be interpreted as criticism of the government. Anyone speaking to a journalist can expect intimidation, arrest or even death. Naturally, many sources hesitate to talk. But for women, the barriers are even greater.

In 2024, I reported on a heatwave in Iran where temperatures exceeded 50°C in some provinces. Through “off-the-record” conversations, I learned that the extreme heat was causing women to suffer heatstroke, menstrual problems, even miscarriages.

Yet, when I analysed the media coverage, there was little mention of this. Most articles focused on how the government had to shut down schools and offices.

I reached out to women in different parts of Iran, including mothers, students and medical professionals. Some spoke to me anonymously, but even women in leadership positions within the government or environment sector wouldn’t talk for fear of a reaction from the state intelligence apparatus.

This is a pattern I’ve seen throughout my research and reporting. If women cannot safely speak out, their struggles remain invisible.

Women are leading, but where’s the coverage?

Here’s the irony: while women are missing from climate reporting, they are in fact leading many environmental efforts. Evidence suggests that women are more likely than men to volunteer for environmental causes or act in an environmentally friendly way, for example. Countries with more women in political leadership tend to have stronger climate policies.

Though, there is some imbalance in media coverage of women too.

For example, Swedish activist Greta Thunberg has been recognised in media consumed mostly in wealthier countries in Europe, North America and Australasia (what is often called the global north). But in Asia, Africa and Latin America (often called the global south) where climate change is hitting hardest, I have found women leading environmental movements rarely get the same level of attention.

This is despite the fact there are numerous women environmental leaders in this part of the world.

In Iran, wildlife and conservation activists Niloufar Bayani and Sepideh Kashani were imprisoned and tortured for over six years after being falsely accused of espionage by the intelligence arm of the Islamic revolutionary guard corps.

Their work was dedicated to protecting Iran’s environment, particularly the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah, highlighting the risks faced by those advocating for conservation under repressive regimes.

Bayani wrote a manifesto about the climate crisis and educated women in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison in 2023, when she was still serving a decade-long sentence.

Wrongfully imprisoned conservation scientist Niloufar Bayani courageously spoke out against the torture she has endured in #Iran state custody: https://t.co/bs8izkXzzt. #EarthDay #FreeNiloufarBayani pic.twitter.com/lnmDRMXmzh

— Center for Human Rights in Iran (@ICHRI) April 22, 2021

Another woman, Juliet Kabera of Rwanda, is an advocate for banning plastic bags and single-use plastics and attended global treaty negotiations to tackle plastic waste and cut global production. These women, and their work and sacrifices, are often missing from media coverage about the environment.

My PhD research on environmental reporting in the Middle East and North Africa, which echoes other work in this area, found that women are often depicted as victims of climate disasters rather than experts, leaders or solution-makers. Women in the global north are more frequently included in discussions about climate policy, activism or research, than their counterparts in the global south.

When the media misses the perspectives of women living through crises, we miss their ideas and experience. As a result, environmental policies may not reflect the breadth of the problem, or address the needs of those who are most affected.

If women are more impacted by climate change and are leading the fight, why aren’t they also leading the conversation in the media?

Links

There is strong evidence linking climate change to changes in cyclone behaviour affecting Australia, particularly demonstrated by recent events like Cyclone Alfred (March 2025).

Here's the breakdown:

Climate Change Connection to Cyclone Intensity

Warmer oceans fuel stronger cyclones
Sea surface temperatures off Australia's east coast reached record highs between October 2024 and February 2025, providing energy for Cyclone Alfred to intensify rapidly.
Warmer waters increase wind speeds and rainfall capacity, with global studies showing cyclones now retain strength longer and move more slowly.
Increased rainfall intensity
Alfred delivered up to 40% of Brisbane’s annual rainfall in 24 hours, a trend tied to climate-driven evaporation rates.
For every 1°C of warming, rainfall intensity increases by at least 7%—a factor amplified in slow-moving cyclones like Alfred.
Higher storm surges
Sea levels have risen 20 cm since 1900 due to fossil fuel emissions, exacerbating Alfred’s storm surge.
This allowed floodwaters to penetrate further inland, threatening 20,000 homes in Brisbane alone.

Southward Shift in Cyclone Tracks

Cyclone Alfred’s path toward Brisbane and northern NSW marks an unusual southward shift, attributed to expanding warm ocean zones.
Research indicates cyclones are increasingly forming in subtropical regions due to:
- Poleward expansion of warm ocean currents.
- A 30 km per decade coastal creep in cyclone intensity zones since 1982.
Southern cities like Brisbane lack cyclone-resistant infrastructure, heightening disaster risks.

Slower Cyclones = Prolonged Damage

Alfred’s slowed movement over southeast Queensland resulted from weakened steering winds—a phenomenon linked to climate-driven circulation changes. This caused:

Extended heavy rainfall and flooding.
Sustained wave heights exceeding 8 meters, worsening coastal erosion.
Power outages and infrastructure strain affecting millions.

Scientific Consensus and Uncertainties

While the CSIRO notes that specific cyclone paths remain hard to attribute directly to climate change, key trends are clear:

Fewer cyclones overall, but a higher proportion are severe (Category 3+).
Slower decay over land, increasing inland flooding risks.
The IPCC and Australian Academy of Science warn of more intense cyclones and southward expansion.

Policy Implications

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese’s assertion that climate change intensifies disasters aligns with Climate Council and ClimaMeter analyses, though CSIRO emphasizes nuanced attribution timelines. Regardless, Alfred’s impacts underscore the urgency of emissions reduction and adaptive infrastructure in southern regions.
Cyclone Alfred exemplifies how climate change is reshaping Australia’s disaster profile, demanding updated preparedness strategies for unprecedented weather extremes.