Exposure to perceptible temperature rise increases concern about climate change, higher education adds to understanding

The Conversation - R. Alexander Bentley

Higher education can train students to carefully consider the evidence around them.
Adam Crowley/Tetra Images/Getty images

AUTHOR R. Alexander Bentley  Professor of Anthropology University of Tennessee

Years ago, after taking an Earth science class, I found myself looking at the world differently. It was the 1990s, and lakes in Wisconsin where I lived at the time were beginning to freeze later in winter and thaw earlier in spring, and flowers seemed to bloom a bit earlier.

That geology class helped me understand the gradual warming that was underway, warming that has accelerated since then.

People are more likely to believe an explanation when they see direct evidence of it. In the U.S., the percentage of people who recognize that global warming is happening is higher in counties that experienced record high temperatures in the previous decade. 

But understanding what’s happening and why also matters. That’s because people’s existing knowledge shapes how they interpret the evidence they see.

Education level and political affiliation are both known to be strong global predictors of concern about climate change.

But does higher education actually create climate concern? 

As an anthropologist and a researcher in computational social science, I and my colleague Ben Horne set up a study to try to answer that question.

Education leverages experience into concern

In our study, we used Census Bureau data on the percentage of the population with at least a bachelor’s degree in 3,048 U.S. counties, NOAA data on recent warming by state, and Yale climate opinion survey data. 

We wanted to find out whether climate concern increases as a product of education and recent warming.

We found that in many southern states − such as Alabama, Mississippi and Texas − the correlation between the percentage of bachelor’s degrees at the county level and climate concern was weak. 

Higher education levels didn’t seem to make much of a difference in how concerned people were about climate change.

However, in northern states − such as Maine, Vermont and Michigan − the education effect was stronger. 

We believe this difference is in part because climate change is more perceptible in colder states. 

A 1-degree temperature rise in Florida may not feel significant, whereas in Maine or Wisconsin, it would be more noticeable as winters became shorter and signs of spring came earlier.

We believe the results suggest that higher education helps people who are exposed to perceptible warming shifts better understand the changes they are experiencing; it’s the pairing of both that makes the difference.

We wondered whether political ideology might be driving the trends we were finding. Southern states also tend to be more politically conservative.

When we controlled for political leanings, however, our analysis found that the education effect appeared to be mostly influenced by whether people had experienced perceptible warming in recent years.

There were two outliers: Despite being cold states that have experienced the effects of climate change, North and South Dakota had low education effects when it came to climate concern. 

One possible explanation is that fossil fuels are central to their economies, shaping local attitudes toward climate change.

Nationally, our study suggests that higher education leverages people’s experience with climate change to increase their climate concern. 

It isn’t just having a college education alone, as the different results from warmer and colder parts of the country show. It is experiencing rising temperatures that makes the difference. The more perceptible the warming, the greater the effect.

Young people are growing up with climate change

A generation ago, climate change seemed to be more theoretical prediction than common experience for most people in the U.S.

This may be part of the reason why a sense of urgency has been slow to develop, even though three-quarters of Americans recognize that global warming is happening. 

 Generations that grew up in the mid-20th century, when seasons and climate seemed constant, had little reason to expect change.

Today, as climate change accelerates, people are experiencing increasingly dangerous summer heat waves and extreme weather. 

Surveys show climate concern has increased in U.S. counties that have recently experienced warmer winters or extreme temperatures, and climate-driven disasters have increased public concern.

Younger generations may see the world differently. For them, climate change has been a reality in their developing years. 

Given their personal experiences and interest in science, we believe higher education will have a powerful effect.

Links

• Global warming of more than 3°C this century may wipe 40% off the world’s economy, new analysis reveals
• Antarctica’s hidden threat: meltwater under the ice sheet amplifies sea-level rise
• How expectation influences perception
• The educational divide in climate change attitudes: Understanding the role of scientific knowledge and subjective social status
• What the data says about Americans’ views of climate change
• Perceptible climate warming amplifies how education increases climate concern in the US
• Climate Change in the American Mind: Beliefs and Attitudes

The Silent Suffering: Climate Change’s Global Toll on Animals - Lethal Heating Editor BDA

• Shifting Habitats and Vanishing Homes

Across the globe, animals are being forced to flee their native habitats as climate change reshapes ecosystems.

Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and shifting rainfall patterns are driving species from the poles to the equator and from the sea to higher ground. 

Polar bears, once rulers of the Arctic, are now struggling to find stable ice platforms to hunt. 

In mountainous regions, animals like the snow leopard are being pushed further uphill, with nowhere left to go. 

As habitats shrink or disappear entirely, so too does the delicate balance that supports entire ecosystems.

• Oceans in Crisis

Marine life is also under siege. 

Oceans, which absorb 90% of the Earth’s excess heat, are becoming warmer and more acidic. 

Coral reefs — often described as underwater rainforests — are bleaching at unprecedented rates. 

These reefs are home to a quarter of all marine species; when they die, a vast network of life collapses.

Fish are migrating to cooler waters, displacing predators and prey, while species such as sea turtles are experiencing skewed birth ratios because of warmer sands affecting egg incubation. 

The oceans are changing faster than marine animals can adapt.

• Extreme Weather, Extreme Consequences

Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events are wreaking havoc on animal populations. 

Wildfires in Australia, California, and the Amazon have destroyed millions of acres of habitat, killing billions of animals. 

Hurricanes, floods, and droughts are displacing countless species, often leaving them without food, shelter, or breeding grounds. 

For migratory species like birds and butterflies, changing weather patterns can result in mistimed migrations — arriving too early or too late for food sources to be available, leading to starvation and population decline.

• Broken Food Chains

Climate change is disrupting the food web from the ground up. 

Insect populations, vital to both plant pollination and as a food source, are declining in many parts of the world due to rising temperatures and pesticide use. 

This has cascading effects on birds, reptiles, and mammals that rely on them. 

In the Arctic, changes in sea ice are affecting the timing of plankton blooms, which impacts fish populations and the animals that feed on them — including humans. 

The interconnectivity of species means that a disturbance to one can ripple across entire ecosystems.

• A Narrowing Window for Action

Without immediate and meaningful action, many species face extinction within decades. 

Conservation efforts, while essential, are only a part of the solution. 

Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring natural habitats, and establishing wildlife corridors can help species adapt to a warming world. 

International cooperation, stronger environmental policies, and increased public awareness are critical.

The future of Earth’s animals depends not only on their resilience but on our willingness to act.

Unless we confront climate change head-on, the silent suffering of the animal kingdom may soon become a permanent silence.

Links

• WWF – Snow Leopards and Climate
• WWF – Impact of Climate Change on Species
• Sea Turtle Conservancy – Climate Change
• WWF – Everything You Need to Know About Coral Bleaching
• The Guardian – Whole Ecosystems 'Decimated' by Huge Rise in UK Wildfires
• National Wildlife Federation – Extreme Weather
• Genetic Literacy Project – How Climate Change is Disrupting Animal ‘Food Webs’
• All About Birds – Climate Change Could Reduce Critical Food Supplies for Migratory Birds
• Euro-Mediterranean Economists Association – Unless Action is Taken, by 2050 There’ll Be a ‘Biodiversity Catastrophe’
• Royal Society of Edinburgh – The Nature Crisis Will Persist Unless We Tackle the Climate-Nature Emergency with the Urgency It Deserves

Climate change is not just a problem of physics but a crisis of justice

The Guardian - Friederike Otto

In an exclusive extract from Friederike Otto’s new book, she says climate disasters result from inequality as well as fossil fuel

Friederike Otto, associate director of the Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, and an associate professor in the Global Climate Science Programme. Photograph: Alamy

My research as a climate scientist is in attribution science. Together with my team, I analyse extreme weather events and answer the questions of whether, and to what extent, human-induced climate change has altered their frequency, intensity and duration.

When I first began my research, most scientists claimed that these questions couldn’t be answered. There were technical reasons for this: for a long time, researchers had no weather models capable of mapping all climate-related processes in sufficient detail. But there were other reasons that had less to do with the research itself.

Let’s imagine extreme flooding in Munich, Rome or London and heavy rainfall in the slums of Durban on the South African coast. How the people in these various places experience this extreme weather depends on the local economic and social conditions and, fundamentally, on their political situation.

Researching weather – and thus, the role of climate change – in the way I do is always political, and this makes it an uncomfortable topic for many scientists. I believe it is important to show that both obstacles – the technical and the political – can be overcome; our climate models have become better and better, and we are coming to realise that research cannot take place at a remove from the real world.

A burning area of Amazon rainforest in 2020. Photograph: Carl de Souza/AFP/Getty Images

For example, to know exactly how big the risk of a drought is – where and for whom – we need a whole lot of information. Three main factors come into play: the natural hazard, our exposure to the hazard, and the vulnerability with which we approach it.

In west Africa in 2022, entire regions suffered from dramatic flooding during the rainy season. These floods were caused in part by above-average rainfall that, as my team and I discovered, was significantly more intense than it would have been without climate change. The rainfall was considered a “natural hazard,” but exacerbated so significantly by human-caused climate change that it was anything but natural.

To a large extent, these floods – particularly in Nigeria – were caused by the release of a dam in neighbouring Cameroon, which flooded large parts of the densely populated Niger delta, home to more than 30 million people. The risk from rainfall is particularly high, both for the people and for local ecosystems and infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, roads and water supply lines.

This region is uniquely exposed to weather and natural hazards. A dam was supposed to have been built in the Nigerian part of the delta to hold back the water, but it was never built. Given the poor infrastructure and high rates of poverty, people in this area are particularly vulnerable, affected much more adversely than those in other areas.

The community of Imburu, north east Nigeria, is almost completely submerged in September 2022. Photograph: Radeno Haniel/AFP/Getty Images

So how does weather become a disaster?

We can’t say exactly how the effects of climate change vary by location and type of weather, but what is absolutely clear is that the more people are in harm’s way and the more vulnerable they are, the greater their risk.

We’ve learned a lot more in recent years about all aspects of risk. For example, it’s now clear that climate change alters heatwaves far more than other weather phenomena. With every study that my team and I perform, we seek to answer the question of what these alterations actually mean for a small section of the global population. In these studies – known as “attribution studies” among experts – we analyse not just historical and current weather data but also information on population density, socioeconomic structures and basically everything we can find about the event itself to gain the most accurate picture of what happened and to whom.

Only after all those steps do we ask whether climate change played a role. To do this, we work with various datasets that take into account a vast range of factors – land use, volcanic activity, natural weather variability, greenhouse gas levels, other pollutants, and much more.

Broadly speaking, we use climate models to simulate two different worlds: one world with human-caused climate change and one without. We then use various statistical methods to calculate how likely or intense heatwaves are in specific places, both with and without human-caused global warming.

But it is vulnerability and exposure that determine if weather becomes a disaster. The effects of extreme events always depend on the context – who can protect themselves from the weather (and how) is always a major factor. This is why the term “natural disaster” is entirely misplaced.

For example, one of our studies from 2021 showed that the food insecurity linked to the drought in southern Madagascar was caused mainly by poverty, a lack of social structures, and heavy dependence on rainfall, but not by human-induced climate change. Nevertheless, just as with the Nigerian floods, international reports talked only of the weather and climate. The international media barely mentioned that, in fact, the local infrastructure, which had remained unfinished for decades, played a decisive role in the disastrous drought.

People going to a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) mobile clinic in Befeno, Madagascar, set up to treat the most serious cases of moderate and severe malnutrition after the 2021 drought. Photograph: RIJASOLO/AFP/Getty Images

How extreme events are reported – where the media focus their attention – doesn’t just influence the responsive measures we think possible. It also influences who we see as responsible for implementing the next necessary steps. Describing extreme weather as a singular moment that tells us something about climate change, and nothing more, conceals the factors that have just as much (if not more) impact on the weather’s effects, and provides politicians with a handy discussion framework as they try to divert attention from poor local decision-making and planning.

There are two main reasons infrastructure in both Madagascar and Nigeria is so lacking and often nonexistent: the sustained destruction of local social structures under European colonial rule and extreme inequality within the population – inequality between the genders, between rich and poor, between different ethnic groups. It is because of factors like these that climate change becomes such a life-threatening problem.

The main thing I have learned from extreme weather events is that the climate crisis is shaped largely by inequality and the still-undisputed dominance of patriarchal and colonial structures, which also prevent the serious pursuit of climate protection. By contrast, physical changes such as heavier rainfall and drier soil have only an indirect effect. In short, climate change is a symptom of this global crisis of inequality and injustice, not its cause.

Weather-related disasters are largely a matter of unfairness and injustice, not misfortune or fate. This applies at a local level, for example when patriarchal structures insist that pregnant women living in traditional societies have to work outdoors in extreme heat because working in the fields for personal consumption is “women’s work”. Or when financial aid is paid to the male head of the family and never reaches those responsible for putting food on the table.

But injustice is also apparent on a global scale. Climate science is a field dominated by white men, most with backgrounds in the natural sciences, who mainly conduct and lead studies focused on the physical aspects of the climate while disregarding numerous other issues. This is why far too few studies deal with the global interactions between social and physical changes in an evolving climate.

It’s no wonder that we lack credible research findings that could inform us about the issues of loss and damage in global climate policy on a scientific basis. This makes it even more difficult to show how centuries of colonial practices by the global north against the countries of the global south continue to influence the way we live, think and act.

It’s hardly news that climate change is mainly a problem because it damages people’s dignity and fundamental human rights. In fact, it’s the whole reason we talk about it on an international level.

The United Nations climate change conferences have never been about polar bears or the downfall of the human race. They have always been about human lives and countless livelihoods – and, of course, about economic issues. This is demonstrated by the debate on the target of limiting heating to 2C above preindustrial levels.

While this includes economic cost-benefit considerations, it is above all a political goal that doesn’t take science into account at all: not a single scientific assessment has ever defended or recommended a specific target – and with good reason, because setting such targets is ultimately an ethical issue. It can be expressed as a simple political question: how many more human lives, how many more coral reefs, how many more insects will we allow ourselves to lose to the short-term continued use of comparatively cheap fossil fuels in the global north?

Heatwaves in North America and west Africa, droughts in South Africa and Madagascar, forest fires in Australia and Brazil, floods in Germany and Pakistan: these fundamentally different events hit societies that are battling very different problems, and they all demonstrate the role of climate change in different ways.

A swimming pool surrounded by flood waters in Essen, western Germany on 26 December 2023. Photograph: Ina Fassbender/AFP/Getty Images

But it always proves true that the people who die are those with little money who can’t readily obtain all the help and information they need. And that doesn’t have to be the case, no matter where they are.

In my opinion, the fact this keeps on happening is due to one particular, and persistent, social narrative. The basic premise is that burning fossil fuels is essential to maintaining what we call prosperity, and that “freedom” isn’t possible if we’re imposing a speed limit.

If we compared modern society with the society of 300 years ago, we would unquestioningly attribute many of the achievements of recent centuries – like access to clean drinking water – to the burning of fossil energies. Historically, we associate coal, oil, and gas with democracy and western values, identifying a causal link between charcoal briquettes and the welfare state: the one affects the other. But even when this is actually true, we always forget to point out that the reverse conclusion – one perishes, and the other goes with it – is as fatal as it is false.

The global north and global south both continue to argue that, for reasons of fairness, the countries in the global south must initially have very high greenhouse gas emissions too, to ensure the growth of their economies. This completely ignores the fact that in the global north (as well as elsewhere), the poor pay for the lifestyles of a small number of wealthy people, be it the workers who toil in the mines for metals or the city dwellers subjected to greater air pollution due to the use of private vehicles. Who says that what happens in the global north is naturally better and must be imposed on the world?

Climate change would still have existed if Europe hadn’t conquered any colonies but humans had still burned fossil energy sources – but things would have looked very different without the west’s ongoing colonial mindset. In essence, colonial-fossil climate change is therefore not a climate crisis but a crisis of justice.

Climate change is a problem that has less to do with a collapsing climate or other physical conditions than we might think, and the consequences of this are wider-reaching than we have been willing to admit. It clearly shows us that the main way in which we currently research and fight climate change – as a physics problem – falls far too short. Obviously, we need to transform the way in which we obtain energy. Above all, however, we need to transform participation in social life and the application of political and economic power – who makes decisions and how.

This is an edited extract from Climate Injustice by Friederike Otto,
which will be published by Greystone Books on 24 April (£22)

 

     Climate Change Books

• This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate - Naomi Klein
• The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History - Elizabeth Kolbert
• The Climate Book - Greta Thunberg
• The New Climate War - Michael E. Mann
• Saving Us: A Climate Scientist’s Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World - Katharine Hayhoe
• All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis - Ayana Elizabeth Johnson & Katharine K. Wilkinson
• How to Avoid a Climate Disaster - Bill Gates
• The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis - Christiana Figueres & Tom Rivett-Carnac
• Climate Injustice - Friederike Otto
• Could humanity be extinct within 10,000 years? A new book is the wake up call our species needs

Could humanity be extinct within 10,000 years? A new book is the wake up call our species needs

 The Conversation - John Long

Shutterstock

AUTHOR John Long Strategic Professor Palaeontology Flinders University

In H.G. Wells’ dystopian 1895 novel The Time Machine an unnamed Victorian scientist travels to the year 802,701.

 

Instead of finding a flourishing, enlightened human civilisation reaping the cumulative benefits of millennia of economic and intellectual growth, he finds a horror scene. 

 

Here, gentle humans called Eloi are now the farmed food for the troglodyte-like Morlocks.

Science writer Henry Gee paints a less horrific but equally worrying picture of humanity’s future in his book The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire. Unlike Wells, Gee doesn’t see the human species capable of surviving longer than the next 8000-12,000 years.

This number is not an educated guess, or pessimistic opinion. It is based on statistical analyses that show our species is quickly degenerating amidst the chaos of our rapidly declining environments.

Review: The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire: Why Our Species Is on the Edge of Extinction – Henry Gee (Picador)

While all this might sound depressing, this book is a strangely engrossing read, addictive because of its continuum of interesting facts about our species’ origins and inevitable decline, and how we have impacted our planet in many unexpected ways. At times sarcastic, Gee’s book is more than just a monologue on our future. It could well be the ultimate wake up call to action for all of us.

A senior editor at Nature magazine, with a PhD in bovine palaeontology, Gee is also an accomplished writer of both popular science books and sci-fi novels. He writes in simple prose garnished with wit and humour, distilling complex science into an accessible read, a rare craft which won him the 2022 Royal Society Trivedi Science Book Prize for his previous book, A (Very) Short History of Life on Earth.

Henry Gee. John Gilbey/Macmillan

His new book takes a stoic look at humanity’s ultimate decline. 

This is something, he argues, we as a species cannot avoid, due to our damaging impact on the planet’s many environments, some of which are vital for our future food security. 

He does offer some hope for our survival beyond this time-frame, but it would rely on drastic, unlikely solutions.

The book is organised into three parts: Rise, Fall and Escape. 

Each details the story of our unique species from its prehistoric beginnings though to our success as the dominant mammal on Earth, and finally, to our fate in being too successful.

• The rise of our species

“Rise” summarises a deluge of recent information about our ancient origins. Our modern human species, Homo sapiens, diverged from earlier human species around 300,000 years ago. We lived alongside a number of other such species at this time.

Genetics tells us a lot about our current population stability. Early human species almost went extinct before leaving Africa due to severe climatic events some 930,000–813,000 years ago, when the breeding population shrunk to an estimated 1,280 individuals on the entire planet. 

Modern Homo sapiens evolved later as a result of interbreeding amongst and between other archaic human species such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, the latter known from ancient DNA preserved in isolated small bones. 

Modern homo sapiens is a result of interbreeding amongst other archaic human species.
frank60/shutterstock

Only a small number of modern humans who evolved in Africa ever moved away from this continent, starting around 60,000 years ago. These eventually became our living human population of the world today. 

As Gee points out, “migration, is of course, the natural state of humanity”, a lesson with great implications for how we treat migrants today, many of whom are forced to flee war-torn or environmentally degraded areas.

I found this section full of fascinating new perspectives. For example, I didn’t know human populations in the past were very small. Fossil human remains are incredibly rare in most sites, full of many other kinds of mammals or bird remains.

Secondly, the populations of early Homo sapiens show great variability, indicating past populations were mostly isolated, not mixing very much. Small populations are more susceptible to natural disasters, so are easily wiped out by floods, tsunamis, fires, volcanic eruptions or other local events, keeping population numbers small.

Despite all this, we rose to over one billion people on the planet by the 1800s and to 8 billion today, fuelled by massive increases in agriculture and technology. The former provided enough food to sustain larger populations, the latter lengthened lifespans.

However, some researchers predict our population will peak at around 9.73 billion by about 2064, declining to 8.79 billion by 2100.

Other scenarios from the same source, involving better education and contraceptive access, predict the 2100 population at around 6.29 billion, and a decline from then onwards, eventually leading to a collapse once other factors, such as our declining fertility rates (leading to older populations, and labour shortages), kick in.

• The fall of our species

The story of the royal Hapsburg family demonstrates how inbred human populations can lead to a host of debilitating disorders in future generations. 

Portrait of King Charles II
by
Juan Carreño de Miranda
Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

Between 1450-1750 there were 73 Hapsburg marriages, many between near relations. Uncles married nieces. First cousins twice removed married. 

This culminated in Charles II, the last Hapsburg king of Spain, who suffered many bouts of disease including rickets all his short life (he died at age 38) and couldn’t conceive any offspring. This is clearly not good for the species.

Random pandemics or diseases can, of course, strike populations without warning. Several evolved due to the growth of agriculture, when humans and animals came into closer contact. 

Viruses like flu, TB and plague are some examples of animal-borne diseases that jumped to humans, exactly as COVID did in 2020, though in that case not from a domesticated source.

The decline in our ability to reproduce as efficiently as in past populations is another worry for our species. 

The loss of the Y Chromosome in men, which is degenerating rapidly, is a disturbing trend, (though it may be addressed through genetic technology in the future). However, in some countries, male sperm counts and sperm quality are declining at an alarming rate.

The first detailed account of this, by Danish gynaecologist and obstetrician Elisabeth Carlesen and her team, showed sperm counts halved between 1940 and 1990. In Nigeria, sperm count and quality has dropped by 72.6% over the past 50 years.

Why is this happening? We don’t know yet. Gee cites as possible causes the increased human exposure to fossil fuel derivatives (in micro-plastics, and through other pollutions), climate change, or simply, our lifestyles.

To keep our population stable, every woman on the planet needs to have 2.1 babies (this number is the TFR or Total Fertility Rate). Even today many countries are dipping below this. 

China had a fertility rate of 1.18 in 2022. Japan’s was 1.26 in 2022 although the total fertility rate of all African nations in this year was 4.155. Globally, however, fertility rates are decreasing rapidly.

• Survival or extinction?

The timing for our species extinction or “Doomsday scenario” is calculated using a statistical method developed by Princeton astrophysicist J. Richard Gott. 

The method is based on a statistical argument that we are living in the 95% range of humanity now, so we are more than 2.5% away from either the beginning or end of the species. (NB, this reasoning is complex, fully explained in the book.)

The average age of other human species (now all extinct) is mostly less than 2-3 million years. Our species has only been around about 300,000 years. However, if we are nearer the end of our species than the beginning, (assuming multiple factors leading to environmental collapse would happen sooner rather than later), Gee states,

I’d venture – with suitable hand-waving – that Homo sapiens will disappear from the Earth within the next 10,000 years.

Another argument about our imminent demise comes from “extinction debt”: when species destroy their habitat and eventually run out of resources. We humans have become the dominant species, pushing many thousands of species to extinction by altering habitats for growing food, harvesting wood, dumping our waste and so on.

Humans use about 25% of the world’s plants’ generation of photosynthesis as our food, a figure that has doubled since 1910. Humans and our domesticated animals make up 96% of all the mass of mammals on the planet. Around 70% of all birds on Earth comprise our poultry populations. And on it goes. The balance of nature is now changed forever, so predicting stability in long-term food security is way more difficult.

About 70% of birds on earth are poultry.
David Tadevosian/shutterstock

We humans represent a new force of evolution changing the biomass and reshaping most of our terrestrial ecosystems. We are also changing many marine ones, due to increased pollution, large-scale, over-fishing and the impacts of commercial shipping routes.

• What to do?

All of this begs the question what can we do now? The answer is not about saving our species forever (all species have a finite lifespan). It’s matter of how much time do we have?. We can extend our species chances of longer survival if we can save our planet from further destruction and imminent environmental collapse, but we must we act now to do so.

The solution is simple. Science gives us clear directions as to how to mitigate climate change (by seriously reducing our production of greenhouse gases causing it); and how to restore damaged habitats (by cleaning them up). Politics unfortunately usually gets in the way of saving the planet due to human greed taking priority over any serious attempts at real progress in this area.

Gee has an elegant, if highly unlikely solution to saving our species. It might just be possible in the next century or so, he writes, with the increased pace of technology, to sustainably develop human colonies on the moon or Mars. We need first to develop a self-sustaining ecosystems that will provide food, clean air and all the resources necessary for life in order to survive on long distance space travels.

Despite various attempts, it has not been possible so far to survive in our own self-contained, mini-ecosytems, as seen by the failure of Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert in the 1990s. 

Goodreads

This gigantic terrarium (1.27 hectares) had 3000 species of animals and plants, with eight humans living inside its enclosed walls. 

It seemed to work well for a while, but over time bacteria in the soil took too much oxygen while the thick concrete walls sucked all the carbon dioxide out of the air, starving plant life. Crops failed and their pollinators, the birds and bees, also died. 

The experiment lasted under three years before the humans inside had to break the seal to let fresh air in.

Gee predicts the settlement of space will one day happen, but he suggests we are at least two to three centuries away from that goal.

While the topic of this book might seem a little depressing, it is really a powerful wake up call to all of us, based on the very latest scientific research.

The stoics say if we can’t do anything about a problem, we shouldn’t worry about it. But in this case there is a lot we can all do. 

Voting for the right people who will enact change is the first step. 

This book should be mandatory reading for all politicians.

Climate Change Books

The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming - David Wallace-Wells

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate - Naomi Klein

The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History - Elizabeth Kolbert

The Climate Book - Greta Thunberg

The New Climate War - Michael E. Mann

Saving Us: A Climate Scientist’s Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World - Katharine Hayhoe

All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis - Ayana Elizabeth Johnson & Katharine K. Wilkinson

How to Avoid a Climate Disaster - Bill Gates

The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis - Christiana Figueres & Tom Rivett-Carnac

Climate Injustice - Friederike Otto

AUSTRALIA: Climate Change Good Friday Review - Lethal Heating Editor BDA

Australia is at the forefront of some major climate change shifts.
Following are the latest developments.

• Great Barrier Reef Faces Sixth Mass Bleaching Event

The Great Barrier Reef has experienced its sixth mass coral bleaching since 2016, with the summer of 2024–25 marking the second consecutive year of widespread bleaching.
Marine heatwaves driven by climate change are severely altering the reef's ecosystem. Conservationists warn that Australia's next government may represent the reef's last chance for survival.
While the current government has allocated $1.2 billion for reef conservation through 2030, experts call for urgent climate action, including a 90% reduction in climate pollution by 2035 and an end to new fossil fuel projects. Link

• Record-Breaking Heat and Extreme Weather

Australia has witnessed record-breaking heat both on land and in adjacent oceans during the 2024–25 summer.
Major floods in the north and unprecedented sea surface temperatures over the northwest region have been observe. Such extreme events, once rare, are becoming more frequent due to human-driven climate change. Link

• Health Impacts and Rising Climate Litigation

A recent report reveals a 37% rise in dangerous heat exposure in Australia over the past two decades.
This increase correlates with a surge in climate-related health issues, including cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, Australia has become the world's second-highest hotspot for climate litigation, reflecting growing public concern over health and environmental impacts. Link

• Political Discourse and Climate Policy

Political debates around climate policy are intensifying.
In a recorded address, Coalition MP Colin Boyce suggested that allowing power blackouts could be a strategic move to shift public opinion against renewable energy and net-zero policies. He advocated a "do nothing" approach, implying that experiencing blackouts would make the public more sceptical of renewable energy initiatives. Link  Link

• Australia's Climate Performance Ranking

Australia has dropped two ranks in the Climate Change Performance Index, now standing at 52nd among the low-performing countries.
While fossil fuel subsidies have declined, some major subsidies remain. Key demands include halting the approval and support for the expansion of fossil fuel production. Link

• Upcoming Federal Election and Climate Acton

With a federal election set for May 3, there is a heightened focus on climate policies.
Advocacy groups urge voters to support candidates committed to reducing Australia's climate pollution and enhancing climate resilience. Link

Links

• Climate Risk Map of Australia
• Australia's next government may be Great Barrier Reef's last chance after sixth mass bleaching, conservationist says
• How extreme weather and record sea temperatures are shaping Australia's climate
• Climate and health litigation mounting in Australia
• Australia has experienced a 37 per cent rise in dangerous heat exposure
• 'Let Rome burn': Coalition MP says allowing blackouts the only way to turn voters off renewable energy
• Australia – Climate Performance Ranking 2025
• New Research: Australia's 2025 State of Net Zero Investment Report
• Report forecasts climate change to drive rise in heart disease
• See how extreme weather and record sea temperatures are shaping Australia's climate
• Australia's future prosperity relies on climate policy certainty

Global Population & Climate Change: Why Urgent Action is Essential - Lethal Heating Editor BDA

As the world’s population surpasses 8 billion people, humanity faces a defining challenge: how to sustain life on Earth while confronting the escalating threat of climate change.

The connection between population growth and climate change is complex but undeniable.

The way we live, consume, and produce energy is placing unprecedented pressure on our planet’s natural systems.

Without urgent action, we risk pushing Earth’s climate beyond the threshold of habitability for millions.

• The Pressure of Population Growth

While population growth has slowed in some parts of the world, it continues rapidly in others, particularly in regions with limited resources and infrastructure. 

More people means more demand for food, water, housing, energy, and transportation—all of which require the use of land, fossil fuels, and other finite resources. Urban areas are expanding, forests are shrinking, and natural ecosystems are being cleared to make way for human development.

Though population size is a factor, it's important to note that consumption levels—especially in wealthier nations—are far more damaging per capita. A child born in a high-income country typically has a carbon footprint dozens of times larger than one born in a low-income region.

• Climate Change: Problems We Can No Longer Ignore

We’re already witnessing the consequences of a warming planet. The past decade has been the hottest in recorded history. Climate change is no longer a distant threat—it's happening now, and it's accelerating.

Key Problems Include:

• Rising global temperatures, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires.

• Melting glaciers and polar ice, contributing to sea level rise that threatens coastal cities and island nations.

• Unpredictable weather patterns, causing floods in some regions and droughts in others—both harmful to agriculture and water access.

• Biodiversity loss, as ecosystems collapse and species are driven to extinction.

• Health impacts, including the spread of vector-borne diseases and respiratory issues from pollution.

• Climate-induced migration and geopolitical instability, as people are forced to leave uninhabitable areas.

• We Know the Solutions

The good news? We already have many of the tools and technologies needed to combat climate change. What’s required is the political will, global cooperation, and public engagement to scale them up quickly.

Key Solutions:

• Shift to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.

• Improve energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, and transportation.

• Protect and restore forests, wetlands, and oceans, which act as carbon sinks.

• Rethink food systems by promoting sustainable farming and reducing meat consumption.

• Invest in public transportation, walkable cities, and clean infrastructure.

• Empower communities, especially women and girls, with access to education and voluntary family planning, helping to reduce population pressures over time.

• Adopt climate policies such as carbon pricing, green subsidies, and climate-smart regulations.

• The Clock Is Ticking

Scientists are clear: to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we must cut global greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% by 2030. That’s less than a decade to transform nearly every sector of our economies.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that every fraction of a degree of warming avoided matters. Limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is still possible—but only if we act decisively, immediately, and together.

• A Call to Action

This is not just an environmental issue—it's a human issue. The choices we make today will shape the world our children and grandchildren inherit. Climate change is a global problem, but also an opportunity: to build a cleaner, fairer, and more resilient world for all.

Let’s not wait for disaster to force our hand. The time for action is now.

Links

• United Nations – World Population Prospects
• Population Matters – Population and Climate Change
• World Meteorological Organization – State of the Global Climate 2023
• Project Drawdown – Climate Solutions
• UNEP – Emissions Gap Report 2023
• Climate Action Tracker
• Oxfam – Carbon Inequality Report
• The Guardian – Wealth and the Climate Crisis
• NASA: Climate Change Evidence

Sea Ice is Melting Faster Than We Thought - And Yes, it’s a Big Deal for Australia!

Lyrebird Dreaming - Gregory Andrews

If you’ve been feeling like the weather’s getting weirder, storms more intense, and seasons out of whack - you’re not imagining it. One of the world’s most respected climate scientists, James Hansen, has released new evidence confirming what many of us already feel in our bones: climate change is accelerating, and the models we rely on are underestimating just how fast it’s moving.

Hansen’s latest paper, reveals that global heating is picking up pace - driven not just by carbon emissions, but also by a dangerous feedback loop as polar ice sheets melt. This is throwing the planet’s systems out of balance. Sea ice is hitting record lows in both the Arctic and Antarctic. Ocean warming is now so intense that even the fresh water from melting ice - once thought to momentarily buffer surface temperatures - is being overwhelmed.

For most Australians, this might seem like distant science. But it matters. A lot. There’s nothing between us and Antarctica except ocean. When ice sheets melt, sea levels rise. And that’s not just a problem for penguins and polar bears. It’s a threat to every coastal town in Australia - from the Torres Strait to Tasmania. It means more flooding, saltwater intrusion, collapsing insurance markets, and a housing crisis far worse than what we’re already facing.

Accelerated polar melt also disrupts the ocean’s conveyor belts - the currents that drive rainfall patterns, fish migrations, and seasonal stability. As these systems destabilise, we’ll see even more of what we’ve already been witnessing: flash droughts, bushfires in winter, collapsing fisheries and once-in-a-generation floods happening every other year.

But here’s the kicker: we’re not hearing a word about this from either major party right now. In the midst of an election!

Election silence on climate is deafening

Election talk is mostly about the “cost of living” and “housing affordability”. But no one seems to be connecting the dots: nothing threatens our cost of living more than climate change. It’s already making food more expensive, insurance unaffordable, and energy systems more vulnerable to extreme heat and storms.

Yet Labor and the Liberals are refusing to have a serious conversation about climate action. Worse still, they keep approving new coal and gas projects. It’s like putting more fuel on a house that’s already on fire.

Hansen’s paper should be front-page news. It shows the ice is melting faster than expected and that existing climate models are giving us a false sense of security. If we wait for them to catch up, we’ll have waited too long.

Real zero, not net zero. Urgency, not delay

We don’t need more greenwashing, nuclear power plants or vague 2050 promises. We need real zero emissions - as fast as humanly possible - and we need politicians with the courage to treat this like the emergency it is.

The science is clearer than ever. The silence from our so-called ´major parites’ is louder than ever. And the stakes - for our coastlines, our economy, and our kids - have never been higher. That’s why on election day I will be putting credible independents like David Pocock and Jessie Price first on my ballot paper. They care about our kids and country, not parties and power.

Links

• Global Warming Acceleration: Impact on Sea Ice
• Climate scientist Dr Jim Hansen on the miracle that's needed to avoid two degrees of warming
• Climate change target of 2C is ‘dead’, says renowned climate scientist
• Youth Voices for Climate and Country: Hope and Action from Southeast Sydney
• The Climate Consequences of Trump's Win The Climate Crisis and Eucalyptus Collapse
• Staying Optimistic on Climate Action 
• Climate tipping points