Climate Central - Bobby Magill
2016 will kick off with a sense of optimism about climate change after the success of the
Paris climate talks
in December. In the U.S., that may mean more enthusiasm for commitments
to renewables and other lower-carbon energy sources as low oil prices
make the future of fossil fuels production in the U.S. and Canada less
certain. 2016 stands to be critical for greenhouse gas emissions cuts in
the U.S. as the country finds ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and meet its long-term climate pledge made in 2015.
These are four key energy and climate issues to watch in 2016:
New Commitments to Renewables
Some cities and states, especially on the West Coast and in the
Northeast, could join the small but growing list of those making a
commitment to obtain 100 percent of their electricity from renewable
sources in the coming decades.
In 2015, Hawaii became the first state to pass a law making such a
commitment. That law requires the state to get all of its electricity
from renewables by 2045. In December, San Diego
became the largest city in the country to make that commitment, requiring all of the city’s power to come from renewables by 2035.
The coming year is likely to bring other commitments, the biggest of
which is in New York. State law now requires the Empire State to obtain
30 percent of its electricity from renewables by 2015. In December, Gov.
Andrew Cuomo
directed
a state agency to go even further by developing a new standard that
would require New York to obtain half of its electricity from renewables
by 2030, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent. The new
standard is required to be finalized in June.Others have made less ambitious commitments, but no less significant. A law passed in California requires the state to obtain
50 percent
of its electricity from renewables, excluding hydropower. New York City
and San Francisco have also pledged to increase their use of
renewables, and smaller cities, such as Burlington, Vt., have
already gone 100 percent renewable, mainly through the use of large amounts of hydropower.
Rippling Effect of Oil Prices
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| Gasoline prices fell to below $2 per gallon in early 2015 in Connecticut. Credit: Mike Mozart/flickr |
2016 is being rung in amid a long-term crash in oil prices that is
having global economic and climate implications, and the stories of its
ripple effects will generate headlines well into the new year.
Global crude oil prices fell off a cliff in the summer of 2014, and
by the end of 2015, the price of U.S.-produced oil had fallen from more
than $90 per barrel to between
$35 and $40
per barrel. Those prices knocked the wind out of the fracking boom that
had overtaken much of the U.S. in North Dakota, Texas, Colorado,
Pennsylvania, and other oil and gas producing states. That boom turned
the U.S. into the world’s leading crude oil producer.
The fallout of the oil bust is wide-ranging with serious climate
consequences, good and bad. Low oil prices brought low gasoline prices,
which encouraged Americans to drive more. That led to a
2.4 percent
increase in gasoline consumption in 2015 over the previous year, likely
leading to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions as well. As wells
drilled during the fracking boom continue to produce abundant natural
gas, natural gas prices have also fallen,
hastening utilities’ transition from polluting coal-fired power plants to possibly more climate-friendly natural gas-fired power plants.
The oil price crash also took a toll on Canadian tar sands, which
represent the world’s third-largest oil reserve. Tar sands are more
carbon-laden and energy intensive to produce than most other forms of
crude oil, exacerbating climate change in the process. The oil price
crash has cost more than
35,000 tar sands jobs in Alberta, and tar sands producers are operating at
extremely thin margins.
With oil prices expected to remain low for a while, 2016 could be the
year the Canadian oil sands producers prove they can operate at an
adequate profit and weather both low oil prices and international
pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, or continue shrinking.
Emissions Growth
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| A power plant in Russia. Credit: otodo/flick |
Stagnant growth in carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels could become a trend in 2016. Or not.
Growth in emissions from burning fossil fuels halted in 2015 partly
because of the global boom in renewable energy — a big deal for the
climate because until recently, economic growth and carbon emissions
from burning fossil fuels rose and fell together. If the stagnation
becomes a trend in 2016, it could prove that the global economy can boom
without relying on fossil fuels and that countries can begin to prosper
while slashing emissions to slow climate change.
Scientists
have warned,
however, that the emissions growth stagnation could just be a
short-term anomaly and that emissions could start rising again as fossil
fuel use in developing countries — especially India — continues to rise
unabated.
The marriage of emissions growth and economic growth
ended in 2014,
as global emissions growth grew only slightly, flatlining for the first
time in 40 years. In December, a Stanford University study suggested
emissions growth halted or
even declined in 2015, foreshadowing an eventual peak in global carbon emissions in a decade or two.
One of the biggest challenges is finding a way for India to curb its
emissions. India is seeing a rapid growth in emissions, unlike China,
the U.S. and the European Union, which are seeing emissions declines,
Rob Jackson,
the lead author of the Stanford study and a professor of Earth system
science there, said. “India’s emissions are now exactly what China’s
were in 1990. India has the challenge of producing more energy and yet
not just being able to rely on coal to do it.”
The Post-Keystone Climate Fight
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| Oil and gas development on federal public lands in eastern Utah.Credit: WildEarth Guardians/flickr |
The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline was killed by the Obama
administration primarily because of the possible climate effects of both
the pipeline and the tar sands it would carry. With the Keystone XL
fight over, activists and scientists who had fought against the pipeline
are turning to other fronts in their battle against greenhouse gas
emissions.
One of those in 2016
may be
oil and gas leasing and development on energy-rich federally controlled
public lands, mainly in the West, which represent 28 percent of the
total land area of the U.S. If all the fossil fuels on public lands in
America are burned, their carbon emissions would represent up to half of
all the potential greenhouse gas emissions that would come from burning
all the remaining fossil fuels on U.S. soil,
according to a report by Friends of the Earth and the Center for Biological Diversity.
In September, a group of scientists and activists, part of the Keep It in the Ground Coalition, sent
a letter to the Obama administration, urging it to halt all new federal fossil fuels leasing and development on public lands.
Though the administration is unlikely to do that anytime soon, the
message may be having an effect. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management
postponed until 2016 a November oil and gas lease sale for 37,580 acres
of public lands near national parks in Utah because of a “high level of
public interest,” BLM spokeswoman Megan Crandall said.
In December, the BLM
postponed until March another oil and gas lease sale for Arkansas and Michigan
because of pressure from climate activists.
It’s far from clear how much traction this movement might get in
2016, but Obama himself may have lent some credence to the movement to
keep federal minerals in the ground
in his speech
announcing the denial of the Keystone XL permit: “Ultimately, if we’re
going to prevent large parts of this Earth from becoming not only
inhospitable but uninhabitable in our lifetimes, we’re going to have to
keep some fossil fuels in the ground rather than burn them and release
more dangerous pollution into the sky.”
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