22/04/2018

Tokelau's First Newspaper Aims Keep Islanders Informed About Climate Change

ABC NewsBindi Bryce


The newspaper will also publish articles on council decisions and village matters. (Photo: Taupulega of Nukunonu) (ABC News)

 Key points
  • Tokelau consists of three small atolls, and is a dependent territory of New Zealand
  • It has a population of around 1,500 people
  • The newspaper hopes to keep people informed about climate change
Chiefs and local leaders from the tiny Pacific territory of Tokelau are heralding the launch of the island nation's first ever local newspaper that claims to meet international standards.
The Te Uluga Talafau monthly newspaper would provide up-to-date information on council decisions, village matters, as well as inspirational stories from Tokelauans living overseas. Tokelau lies just north of Samoa in the Pacific ocean and is a dependent territory of New Zealand.
Its small population of around 1,500 people is spread across three coral atolls with a combined land area of
only 10 square kilometres.

Press freedom in the Pacific
A call is issued for Pacific Island journalists to defend themselves against an onslaught on press freedom, but some politicians say the media is not always truthful.

The newspaper's editor, Joe Tuia, said publication was created due to concerns that Tokelauans did not understand the decisions being made by chiefs and local authorities.
"The question coming from the Taupulega was how can we communicate issues, the cost of climate change and other stuff, so that the people in the village are informed about it," he said.
Traditionally leaders would go back to their villages to tell community members face-to-face what decisions had been made, but Mr Tuia said times had changed.
"Ten-to-15 years ago that process slowly started to deteriorate because people don't have the time to do that," he said.
The newspaper aims to inform Tokelauans about climate change. (Te Mana: Litia Maiava )
Considering Tokelau's limited resources, it's no surprise that getting the newspaper up and running took some time.
"At the moment we have the editor who is the main person for our newspaper, with the help of everyone else around," said the newspaper's general manager, Asi Halaleva-Pasilio, adding that they were still training a team of journalists.

Unique challenges for tiny island journalists
Thousands of the tiny nation's people live overseas, mostly in Australia and New Zealand, and Ms Halaleva-Pasilio encouraged them to also buy the Te Uluga Talafau newspaper.

Tokelau's largest atoll, Nukunonu, is home to fewer than 700 people. (Wikimedia Commons)

She said the newspaper's first edition had a feature on an accomplished Tokelauan army officer from Townsville.
"We have those small stories that may inspire our children, and show our people that there is light at the end of the tunnel," Ms Halaleva-Pasilio said.
Journalism in a small Pacific community like Tokelau — where everyone knows everyone — poses unique challenges.
Reporters have been known to self-censor their work for fear of causing tension or insulting the community.
Produced at the headquarters of the Taupulega of Nukunou, the newspaper would also struggle to be entirely independent, as the governing council will be heavily involved in crafting each edition.
But Mr Tuia was hopeful that as the newspaper develops, local journalists will find their own voice and that hard-hitting articles would follow.
"On our atoll Nukunonu, there's less than about 700 people, so everyone knows everyone … But we are slowly starting to develop that as well, but I don't think it's going to be a problem," Mr Tuia said.
The Te Uluga Talafau will be published monthly. (Supplied: Taupulega of Nukunonu)

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Voters Split On Whether Coalition Should Build New Coal Plants Or Stop Closures

The Guardian

Poll shows strong support for energy efficiency measures despite divide on generators
 A YouGov Galaxy poll found that 42% want the government to intervene to keep existing coal electricity generators open compared with 33% who oppose it. Photograph: Julian Smith/AAP 
Voters are divided on whether the government should intervene to stop coal power stations closing, or subsidise the construction of new coal plants, but strongly back energy efficiency measures, a new poll has found.
The YouGov Galaxy poll, released on Monday, found that 42% want the government to intervene to keep existing coal electricity generators open compared with 33% who oppose it.
Subsidies for new coal plants or the government building them itself are less popular, with 41% in favour compared with 37% against.
The results of the poll, commissioned by the Property Council, the Energy Efficiency Council and the Australian Council for Social Services, come ahead of a meeting of energy ministers on Friday to discuss the design of the national energy guarantee.
Details of the design contained in an Energy Security Board paper make it clear that regulators will take a technology neutral approach rather than seeking to prolong the life of coal plants, despite a conservative faction in the Liberal party arguing for more government intervention.
The YouGov Galaxy poll of 1,000 respondents found that 91% think it is important or very important for the government to help reduce households’ and businesses’ energy bills.
Investing in energy efficiency was the most popular option to do so, with 88% in favour and just 5% opposed. Regulating electricity prices came in a close second with 83% support and 8% opposed.
Increasing the reliability of the grid was also seen as positive with 45% in favour and 36% opposed.
The poll found strong support for renewable energy with a call to reduce incentives for renewable energy and energy storage supported by just 34% of respondents and opposed by 50%.
The Property Council NSW executive director, Jane Fitzgerald, said the community was “more concerned about energy costs than private health costs, fuels costs, mortgages or food and groceries”.
The Property Council wants governments to adopt measures such as the NSW government’s $500m environmental investment package, which seeks to attract up to $3bn of investment in energy efficiency and advanced energy measures such as battery storage.
In a separate piece of research, the Australian Wind Alliance has estimated that windfarm construction has delivered an economic boost of almost $4bn to regional Australia in direct and indirect benefits.
The estimate is based on research by Sinclair Knight Merz for the Clean Energy Council in 2012 that found a 50MW windfarm could generate up to 48 full-time equivalent direct jobs from spending during construction and 160 indirect jobs.
The AWA report also found that windfarms pay between $19m and $21.5m to landholders and community enhancement funds every year.
“Australia’s 82 operational windfarms are delivering significant financial and social benefits to their host communities,” said Andrew Bray, the national coordinator of the AWA. “Wind power is making a long-lasting, positive contribution to rural Australia’s social fabric.
“With Coag due to consider the [Neg] later this week, it’s crucial states insist on the right policy settings to make sure this boom continues and delivers even greater benefits for rural communities.”
With every state and territory having the potential to scuttle the Neg, design requirements that satisfy both Coalition and Labor governments will be crucial to ensure its passage.
The federal energy minister, Josh Frydenberg, has tried to win support from the Australian Capital Territory with a significant peace offering that emissions reductions can be reported nationally, not regionally, so the ACT’s windfarms in neighbouring states are counted.
Labor governments in Queensland and Victoria are hedging their bets about whether they will support the Neg, with both standing by commitments to a 50% renewable energy target by 2030.

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The Shipping Sector Is Finally On Board In The Fight Against Climate Change

The Conversation | 



Australia will have to regulate its considerable shipping industry. PomInAus/shutterstock.com
For the first time, the massive global shipping sector has agreed to a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, in what’s been called a “historic” moment.
Maritime shipping, which carries about 80% of global trade by volume, contributes around A$9 billion directly to Australia’s gross domestic product, and A$11.8 billion indirectly.
Sea transport has a relatively green image because ships emit less carbon dioxide per tonne and per kilometre than rail, truck or air transport. Yet, given its scale and rapid growth, it’s a major source of carbon emissions. Maritime transport emits around 1,000 million tonnes of CO₂ a year and is responsible for about 2.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

The international law
Despite being a major contributor to climate change, the powerful shipping industry has successfully lobbied to be excluded from obligations to reduce emissions under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and, more recently, the 2015 Paris Agreement.
There are also no sector-wide emission reduction targets in maritime shipping under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In other key policy spaces, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), there are no obligations imposed on either states or shipping corporations to reduce maritime emissions.
Countries could potentially set emissions targets domestically, but they rarely set sectoral targets, especially for sectors that are heavily exposed to international trade. In this context, the shipping industry has been particularly footloose in its response to climate change.
It is therefore a cause for celebration that decades of negotiation have now yielded this agreement. The deal requires all IMO countries to reduce shipping emissions by 50% compared with 2008 levels.
Ships will be required to be more energy-efficient and to use cleaner energy such as solar and wind electricity generation. Currently, the shipping industry is overwhelmingly reliant on dirty, carbon-rich fuels such as heavy diesel.

Some stormy seas ahead
The climate deal has been described as “historic”, but not all countries are on board. Some, particularly island nations that are vulnerable to sea level rise, wanted a “far, far more ambitious” target. Others, including the United States, Brazil, Panama and Saudi Arabia, are strongly against it. Reconciling these differences will be a difficult task for the IMO.
It has always been technically difficult to accurately calculate the precise amount of fuel used during shipping operations. It’s even harder to allocate maritime emissions to specific countries.
Contributing to the potential confusion is the use of “flags of convenience”. This is where a ship’s owners register the vessel in a country other than their own, and fly the flag of the country where registered.
This is usually done to disguise the relationship between the vessel and its actual owner, due to the attractive, lower regulatory burdens that some open registries offer. Shipping corporations could also use flags of convenience to avoid mandatory emission reduction targets.

The way forward
As a result of the climate deal, states will eventually need to introduce domestic laws setting emission reduction targets for their shipping industry.
These targets could also be applied to ships that call at their ports. The good news is that there is potential synergy between such regulation and existing laws, such as the European Union regulation that requires ship owners and operators to monitor, report and verify CO₂ emissions from certain vessels that dock at European ports.
The new climate deal has the potential to change the way shipping companies operate. It presents an opportunity for the shipping industry to become part of the solution rather than the problem when it comes to climate change.
It’s also a strong signal to other international industries, such as the aviation sector, that have largely escaped emissions reduction targets. If we can reduce emissions in such a large and complex sector as marine transport, it bodes well for the capacity of international frameworks to tackle other difficult problems.

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21/04/2018

South Australia's Famed Wine Regions Preparing For The Squeeze Of Climate Change

ABC NewsSimon Royal

Winemaker Wayne Farquhar inspects grapes in his Barossa Valley vineyard. (ABC News: Tony Hill)
Wayne Farquhar bought his first Barossa Valley vineyard in the 1970s. He had a very practical reason for doing so.
"I don't like drinking beer at all," Mr Farquhar said. "I grew up drinking wine and I wanted to make my own."
In his time he's seen growing conditions become more unpredictable.
It's reinforced his concern climate change may threaten some Barossa wine drinkers' favourite drops.
"We still have pockets of Chardonnay, we've got pockets of Riesling, we have Roussanne and Marsanne," Mr Farquhar said.
"I think that they are going to fade away, and there's even potential for Shiraz. It's one of our earliest ripening varieties.
"We just don't know what climate change is going to do to Shiraz.
"It would be a shame to lose our icon wine, but who knows what's around the corner."
However wine buffs and barbeque quaffers alike need not panic or worse, in Mr Farquhar's view, contemplate beer.
He believes there's a future — not with traditional cool climate grape varieties, but hotter ones.

Region's recalibration inspired by Portugal and Spain
Amputated vines in a vineyard in South Australia's Barossa Valley. (ABC News: Tony Hill)
On the western edge of the valley, Mr Farquhar has built a vine propagation business and a wine label based on that belief.
"Despite what many Australians might think, the Barossa is by no means the hottest place where grapes are grown," Mr Farquhar said.
"The Iberian peninsula, Portugal and Spain, across Tunisia, the southern parts of Italy.
"They are much hotter, and with less annual rainfall than us, and they've been growing grapes there for thousands of years. That's where we need to be looking."
The Barossa would lose its German accent and gain a Latin one.
At his cellar door in Greenock, Mr Farquhar cracks open a bottle of Arinto, a Portuguese white variety he pioneered in Australia.
"Smell this, isn't it just gorgeous?" he enthused.
"Now that's much more interesting than any old Sauvignon Blanc, don't you think?"
He expects to have six new Portuguese reds gracing Australian tables within three years.

Man with 'fruit salad block'
Winemaker Wayne Farquhar bought his first Barossa Valley vineyard in the 1970s. (ABC News: Tony Hill)
But it's not so much Mr Farquhar's advocacy of new varieties that raises eyebrows — it's the way he raises vines.
They look nothing like a traditional vineyard, with its widely spaced trunks, two lateral branches, masses of fruit, and lots of leaves.
Mr Farquhar's vines have just one lateral branch, and even that's chopped in half.
The individual vines are barely a quarter the usual size and produce much less fruit.
But they are so densely planted Mr Farquhar said he ends up with more fruit, and quality, per hectare.
It also dramatically slashes water use.
All up, the winemaker grows 65 different grape varieties on 15 hectares. Traditionalists can't resist a bit of fun at his expense.
"They call me the crazy man with the fruit salad block," Mr Farquhar chuckled.
'We have to plan for climate change'
But the Barossa zone winemaker is not the only one planning for an unpredictable future.
Jeff Grosset has been making wine in South Australia's Clare Valley for 37 years, in a region famed for its Riesling.
"The harvest is now on average a month earlier than it used to be, when I first came here," Mr Grosset said.
"That trend of almost one day per year is pretty much universal across premium regions in the world.
"I have no doubt we have to plan for climate change."
Jeff Grosset believes climate change will have profound effects on production. (ABC News: Simon Royal)
It's a lot more complex though than hopping on a plane, going somewhere hot, grabbing some new varieties, bringing them home, shoving them in the ground and thinking that fixes the future.
Because of the dangers of introduced disease, vines are deemed a high-risk import.
It can take two years for them just to clear quarantine, and they don't come with a guarantee to grow.
"We planted two varieties, Fiano — a white variety — and Aglianico, both from the south of Italy. One has worked really well and the other one didn't," Mr Grosset said, gesturing to a bare patch of land where the doomed vines once stood.
"Let's just call it 'research and development', though it's better when it ends in success rather than failure."
Along with a good palate, what a winemaker needs most is patience.
"It's a really, really long process," Mr Farquhar said.
"Realistically, it takes anywhere from six to seven years before you finally get the product into the bottle."
The future is unpredictable, but one thing is clear — when it comes to wine, it's already starting to taste different.

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Schwarzenegger To Sue Big Oil For ‘First Degree Murder’

POLITICO - 

At SXSW (South by Southwest Festival), the former California governor lets loose on climate change, Donald Trump and gives his first in-depth remarks on #MeToo.
Paul Kane/Getty Images
AUSTIN, Texas — Arnold Schwarzenegger’s next mission: taking oil companies to court “for knowingly killing people all over the world.”
The former California governor and global environmental activist announced the move Sunday at a live recording of POLITICO’s Off Message podcast here at the SXSW festival, revealing that he’s in talks with several private law firms and preparing a public push around the effort.


“This is no different from the smoking issue. The tobacco industry knew for years and years and years and decades, that smoking would kill people, would harm people and create cancer, and were hiding that fact from the people and denied it. Then eventually they were taken to court and had to pay hundreds of millions of dollars because of that,” Schwarzenegger said. “The oil companies knew from 1959 on, they did their own study that there would be global warming happening because of fossil fuels, and on top of it that it would be risky for people’s lives, that it would kill.”
Schwarzenegger said he’s still working on a timeline for filing, but the news comes as he prepares to help host a major environmental conference in May in Vienna.
“We’re going to go after them, and we’re going to be in there like an Alabama tick. Because to me it’s absolutely irresponsible to know that your product is killing people and not have a warning label on it, like tobacco,” he said. “Every gas station on it, every car should have a warning label on it, every product that has fossil fuels should have a warning label on it.”
He argues that at the very least, this would raise awareness about fossil fuels and encourage people to look to alternative fuels and clean cars.
He added, “I don’t think there’s any difference: If you walk into a room and you know you’re going to kill someone, it’s first degree murder; I think it’s the same thing with the oil companies.”
Schwarzenegger was at SXSW for an extensive discussion of lessons he learned in his seven years as governor, and how he’d apply them to the current political situation in Washington and beyond. On the list: Maximize the bully pulpit; use the carrot but have the stick ready; and no one gets a perfect “10,“ because there’s always room for improvement. Those, he said, were part of his art of the deal, and explained how he’d been able to institute major laws from worker’s compensation reform to environmental standards to a state election overhaul to implement independent redistricting and a “jungle primary” system, in which the top two advance.
Schwarzenegger also addressed, for the first time since the national reawakening around the #MeToo moment, the charges of groping and inappropriate behavior that surfaced from multiple women against him at the end of his first campaign for governor in 2003. He acknowledged that the change in the moment made a huge difference.
“It is about time. I think it’s fantastic. I think that women have been used and abused and treated horribly for too long, and now all of the elements came together to create this movement, and now finally puts the spotlight on this issue, and I hope people learn from that,” he said. “You’ve got to take those things seriously. You’ve got to look at it and say, ‘I made mistakes. And I have to apologize.’”
He stressed the importance of sexual harassment training, like the one he made his staff do once he was elected— including himself.
“We make mistakes, and we don’t take it seriously. And then when you really think about it, you say, ‘Maybe I went too far,’” Schwarzenegger said. “You’ve got to be very sensitive about it, and you’ve got to think about the way that women feel—and if they feel uncomfortable, then you did not do the right thing.”
The past few months, he said “made me think totally differently,” adding, “I said to myself, ‘Finally.’”
Schwarzenegger took a number of shots at Donald Trump, dismissing the president’s latest attack on him, delivered at a rally in Pennsylvania on Saturday night, for having “failed when he did the show,” a reference to the former governor’s rocky one-season stint as the host of “The Apprentice” on NBC last year.
“I never know really why the Russians make him say certain things,” Schwarzenegger said. “It’s beyond me. Why do you think he says those things? He’s supposed to be very busy.”
Later in the interview, he returned to the attack on Trump, teasing that the script of the new “Terminator” movie, which Schwarzenegger is set to start filming in June and is expected to be released next year, had to be rewritten to include Trump. “The T-800 model that I play, he’s traveling back in time to 2019 to get Trump out of prison,” Schwarzenegger joked.
He wouldn’t reveal any actual details about the script other than that he is still the T-800 model. This isn’t his only upcoming foray into old film franchises: He’s due to shoot “King Conan” and “Triplets,” an update on the 1988 film “Twins,” with Eddie Murphy as the third brother. (“There’s something funny there with the mixing of the sperm,” he said.)
Schwarzenegger said he’d like to see Ohio Gov. John Kasich run for president but urged him to run in the Republican primary rather than as an independent.
“He’s a great Republican,” Schwarzenegger said.
But he said don’t expect him to be a major campaign presence in 2020. He’ll be focusing on pushing gerrymandering reform, and has gotten involved again with California Republicans, with whom he’ll be meeting in the coming days back home.
“The Republicans that are the new thinking Republicans in California want to get things done,” Schwarzenegger said, adding that he wants elected officials to remember, “ultimately, you are a public servant, not a party servant.”
He urged the GOP to pay attention to what happened in California, where Democrats have become completely dominant. Republicans there, he said, “are stuck with an ideology that doesn’t really fit anymore with what people want.”
He cited the environmental work of Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush as examples.
“Today, those are all things that are absolutely a no-no in the Republican Party. I didn’t change; it’s the Republican Party that’s changed,” he said. “Now we have to work very hard to get the party back to where it was.”
Back at the end of his presidency, Bill Clinton wrote Schwarzenegger a long letter that ended with Clinton urging Schwarzenegger to become a Democrat. Schwarzenegger said he wasn’t interested then, and isn’t interested now, for all his problems with Trump and the current GOP.
“That’s a fun letter, and I like supporting him on some issues,” Schwarzenegger said. “But the bottom line is that I’m a Republican, and I’m a true Republican, and I will always be a Republican. It’s a fantastic party, but they’ve veered off into the right into some strange lanes.”

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Victoria Demands New Detailed Analysis On NEG After COAG Meeting

The Guardian

Meeting on Friday between energy ministers almost derailed by disagreement over how Energy Security Board should proceed
The issues Victoria wants addressed include treatment of renewable energy schemes and targets. Photograph: Bloomberg/Bloomberg via Getty Images
The Victorian energy minister Lily D’Ambrosio has written to the Energy Security Board asking for new detailed analysis to be provided on the national energy guarantee, as the stand off between the Turnbull government and the states over energy policy shifts into its decisive phase.
The federal energy minister Josh Frydenberg secured agreement on Friday for further work to be done on the NEG, but the process was almost derailed by a backroom skirmish about the riding instructions for the Energy Security Board before a critical meeting in August.
The Energy Security Board was established last year by the Commonwealth and the states to provide advice about the proposed energy policy overhaul, and given it is a joint body, there has been sensitivity behind the scenes about who instructs it.
Victoria and Queensland wanted a detailed form of words recorded in a joint communique setting out specific lines of inquiry for the Energy Security Board to pursue before the COAG energy council reconvenes in August for a meeting that will either tick or torpedo the policy – but Frydenberg refused.
The argument played out at a private dinner the ministers attended in Melbourne before Friday’s meeting.
The wording of the joint communique distributed after Friday’s meeting is entirely non-specific, saying the Energy Security Board “will consult with jurisdictions on the specific details of the design” and the meeting “noted that the states have raised issues that will require further work ahead of the August meeting”.
Victoria has now written to the Energy Security Board setting out the issues Labor states want addressed, including the treatment of their renewable energy schemes and targets, and the consequences of future adjustment to the proposed emissions reduction target of 26% on 2005 levels by 2030.
The letter, seen by Guardian Australia, sets out five specific lines of inquiry, including the impact of the targets and their interaction, and the impact of scaleability of the national target; ensuring that regulators have sufficient powers to ensure compliance with the emissions reduction obligations; ensuring competition concerns are addressed; and seeking more detail about how the NEG will work with pre-existing concepts like the strategic reserve in the national energy market.
The whole subject of emissions reduction, and all the components required to achieve it, is a deeply sensitive issue within the federal Coalition, and Frydenberg has insisted Canberra will unilaterally determine those elements of the policy.
While welcoming Friday’s progress, Frydenberg made it entirely clear that the Commonwealth would not be budging on the 26% – a figure both the Labor states and many experts argue is entirely inadequate.
Data released this week on renewables compiled by Green Energy Markets and funded by the progressive activist group GetUp suggests the NEG will deliver no meaningful emissions reductions in its own right because the capacity of renewable projects now under construction already exceeds what is required to achieve the 2030 NEG target.
The federal energy minister also insisted that any emissions reduction undertaken at the state level would count in the national target. That issue, the relationship between the national target and the state schemes, is a major source of conflict with some state governments.
Frydenberg declined to say whether or not energy companies would be allowed to lower their emissions by the purchase of offsets, which some of the jurisdictions don’t support.
“We remain open on the issue,” Frydenberg said. “I’m not going into further detail on it other than to say we retain an open mind on the issue of permits.”
Energy ministers will participate in a telephone hook up in June to check progress before the Energy Security Board produces a detailed design of the scheme in July, and the COAG energy council reconvenes in August.
Despite the continuing flash points, and the fact several states are refusing to sign on in the absence of detail, Frydenberg is sounding upbeat about the chances of landing a deal on the policy in August.
“I am confident that all the issues that were discussed today and last night with the ministers can [be worked] through, and that we can land a position in August which is in the national interest,” Frydenberg told reporters after the meeting.
“From the Turnbull government’s perspective, from the Commonwealth’s perspective, the national energy guarantee is Australia’s best chance to integrate energy and climate policy and deliver cheaper, cleaner, more reliable power to all Australians.”
“If we don’t seize this opportunity, what we will see is higher prices, lower reliability, and more expensive government interventions, and that is not a positive way forward for our country.”

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20/04/2018

'Cooked': Study Finds Great Barrier Reef Transformed By Mass Bleaching

FairfaxPeter Hannam

Corals in the Great Barrier Reef have a lower tolerance to heat stress than expected, contributing to a permanent transformation of the mix of species in some of most pristine regions, a team of international researchers has found.
The scientists examined the impact of the 2016 marine heatwave that alone caused the death of about one-third of the Great Barrier Reef corals, mostly centred on the northern third section.
They studied how much abnormal heat triggers bleaching, the additional heat that killed the corals, and the accumulation needed to cause "an ecological collapse in the transformation of species", said Terry Hughes, Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University, and the lead of author of the paper published Thursday in Nature.
The thresholds "are lower than we thought they would be", Professor Hughes told Fairfax Media.
Bleaching in the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef in 2016 triggered widespread mortality of corals within weeks, scientists found. Photo: AAP
A key guide is the number of so-called degree-heating weeks (DHW), such as waters a degree above average for a certain period. If reefs had DHWs of six or more - as about 29 per cent of the reefs suffered - the loss of corals reached 60-90 per cent, Professor Hughes said.
Some species, such as staghorns and tabular corals, were particularly susceptible, while dome-shaped porites corals were relatively resilient.
"The 2016 marine heatwave has triggered the initial phase of that transition [to heat-tolerant reef assemblages] on the northern, most pristine region of the Great Barrier Reef, changing it forever as the intensity of global warming continues to escalate," the paper said.
The fact the northern section - with fewer people, little fishing and almost no water quality issues - was hit so hard was notable.
"There’s almost nowhere to hide from extreme temperatures," Professor Hughes said. "Even the best-managed, most remote place is vulnerable.”
The Nature paper is one of a series being prepared or already published by Professor Hughes and colleagues at James Cook University that examine the unprecedented back-to-back mass bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef in the summers of 2016 and 2017.
Upcoming papers will examine the impacts of the latter event - which mainly hammered the middle section of the Reef - and the scope for recovery.
Fish species are adjusting to the mass mortality of corals - some better than others. Photo: University of Wollongong
Just as coral species responded differently to the heat stress, so too have fish species that depend on them.
Butterfly fish, for instance, feed on only a couple of coral species. “If their diet disappears, so do they," Professor Hughes said. Parrot fish, though, eat mostly seaweed, and will fare better.
Still, most fish depend on branching corals as a nursery - the type of corals that suffered high mortality in the heatwave.
"People have long predicted there will be significant fisheries impact from losing juvenile habitat and we expect that to unfold over the next five years," Professor Hughes said.
Most of what researchers know about reef recovery has come from the study of the aftermath of cyclones.
Such events, though, tend to carve a swathe through the reef, perhaps 50 to 100 kilometres wide, with patchier damage than mass bleaching. Coral larvae come into the void from either side, typically taking a decade for branching corals to recover.
“The scale of the damage from back-to-back bleaching is vastly bigger," Professor Hughes said. "We don’t know yet where the larvae are going to come from, and in what numbers.”

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