Woodman, spare that tree! Touch not a single bough!
In youth it sheltered me, And I’ll protect it now. – GP Morris 1837
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AUTHOR
Julian Cribb AM is an Australian science writer and author of seven books on the human existential emergency. His latest book is How to Fix a Broken Planet (Cambridge University Press, 2023)
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From one side of the globe to the other, the ring of axe, the snarl of chainsaw and the roar of flame are sounding the knell for the world’s forests, as the green Earth turns scarred, charred and desolate.
Originally, forests cloaked 57% of the land. Today their area is 31%. 420 million hectares of forest have been lost since 1990 and 10 million more are now lost each year.
Rates of deforestation are worst in Russia, Brazil, Canada, the USA and China. But the trend is not all one way: in Scandinavia, for example, the process of forest loss is being reversed with new plantings and restoration.
Deforestation (total loss) is not the only threat: thinning for timber, inroads by farming, fragmentation by roads and towns, pest invasions, wildfires and climate change also take a heavy toll of what remains. Forest loss is a primary driver of the 6th extinction.
Together these forces, propelled by insatiable human demands, are whitling away at the last remaining intact forests on Earth. Between 2000 and 2020, the area of intact forest fell by 1.55 million sq kms – a span the size of France, Germany and Spain combined.
Ominously, over this period, the annual rate of forest loss sped up, from an average of 7.1m ha between 2000-2013 to 9m ha from 2013-2020. The uncloaking of the Earth is closely observed by the unblinking eyes of a thousand satellites orbiting the planet.
In Brazil, the Amazon rainforest has dwindled in extent by 17%, losing over 800 million trees in the last two decades. While the plight of the Amazon is notorious, the fact that Brazil has already destroyed 85% of its huge eastern tropical rainforest, the Mata Atlantica, and fragmented the remains, is less well-known. The removal of the Brazilian forests has profound consequences for the drying of the entire South American continent, and for global climate change through the gradual destruction of the largest carbon sink on the planet.
Another vast forest, vital to the Earth’s life support system but under savage attack, is the Northern Boreal Forest, which spans Canada, the USA, Scandinavia and Russia, and is falling before a combined assault from logging, farming, mining and energy extraction, urban spread, climate change and the increased wildfires, pests and diseases which follow extensive tree felling.
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| Figure 1. Causes of global tree cover loss 2021-24. Source: Global Forest Watch, 2025. |
Today, the chief villains in global deforestation are not farmers or even miners, but the giant food corporations and their agribusiness offshoots, currently shredding the world’s forests and their wildlife so as to produce more beef, soybeans, chocolate and palm oil for the unhealthy industrial diets they have marketed so successfully to urban consumers.
Corporate food is a major factor in the removal of the rainforests of Southeast Asia, which has lost half its trees since logging began. In the first two decades of the C21st, the region lost over 610,000 sq kms, an area larger than Thailand. The countries most affected are Indonesia, Malaysia and Borneo and the main cause is clearing for industrial palm oil production. The orangutan, Javan rhino, and Sumatran tiger are among the wildlife critically endangered by the destruction.
A balancing act
The world forest scene is not one of unrelieved despair, as large areas are being replanted by eager volunteers or regenerate naturally every year, offsetting some of the losses. The following table shows how the gains compared with the losses between 2000–2020. All told, 101 million hectares more were lost than gained.
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Figure 2. Changing tree cover 2000-2020. Source: Global Forest Watch, 2025. |
Of huge significance is the growing area of disturbed forest, which is subject to selective logging, fragmentation by roads and farms, wildfire and pests or diseases. Disturbance has been found by scientists to convert forest from a carbon absorber to a net emitter – and thus, an accelerator of climate change. It is estimated that presently less than 30% of the world’s remaining forest area is undisturbed.
Climate impact
There is now ominous evidence from round the world that the Earth’s depleted forests are becoming a major contributor to Hothouse Earth – in a vicious feedback loop that few expected.
Tropical forest loss alone releases nearly 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year, which is equivalent to 10% of annual human emissions. This means that tropic forests now add as much carbon to the atmosphere as all industry worldwide.
The Amazon, once one the world’s most biologically diverse ecosystems and important carbon sinks, has been found by science to emit more CO2 than it now absorbs as a result of deforestation, fragmentation, wildfires and climate change.
Between 2001 and 2024, according to Global Forest Watch, the world’s forests emitted 9.15 billion tonnes of carbon, and removed -14.4 billion tonnes a year. This represents a net sink (reduction) of -5.29 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon a year.
If all forests located outside of agricultural and urban areas were allowed to recover globally, they would have the potential to capture 226 gigatons of carbon, says the World Economic Forum. This would mop up almost a third of humanity’s carbon emissions.
Forest conservation
Forests deliver profound benefits to humanity, including
· Much of the oxygen we breathe.
· Trapping and storing carbon, reducing global warming.
· Bringing rain and feeding the global water cycle.
· Storing fresh water.
· Protecting the soil and increasing fertility.
· Vital resources for humans, livestock and wild animals.
As a result, forest protection is being actively promoted worldwide. Here are some salient initiatives:
· Trillion Trees Campaign: aims to plant and restore one trillion trees worldwide. Afforestation initiatives accelerated in 2025 in nations including Brazil, Kenya, and India.
· UN Strategic Plan for Forests: aims by 2030 to grow the world’s forest area by 3%, or 120 million hectares, over twice the size of France.
· International Tree Foundation
· Plant a Billion Trees – The Nature Conservancy.
· The Great Green Wall of China.
· The Great Green Wall of Africa
Almost every country in the world has a tree planting program, some of them highly successful – notably those of India, Ethiopia, Turkey and Costa Rica. But the fact remains, these efforts are still being outrun by the industrial logging giants, Russia, Brazil, Canada, the USA and China. And many countries have a bet each way by promoting tree planting to the public while quietly and deceptively encouraging their logging and land clearing sectors.
Deforestation is a global catastrophe in slow motion. Despite the good intentions of many it is still accelerating, as humans continue to gnaw, like termites, at the very foundations of the Earth’s life support system – and their own future.
Links to further articles by Julian Cribb
- The great dying
- Australia issues ‘terrifying’ climate warning
- 'Died of a delusion': the fate of modern civilisation?
- Humanity is risking catastrophe, UN warns
- The great human brain fade...
- Military experts warn of climate wars
- Water in crisis
- Our steady march to disaster
- The Earth is under chemical attack
- Saving a 'livable Earth'
- Devouring the Earth
- Switching off Earth's life support...
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